Hawthorne's works explore moral issues by probing psychogical recesses2 that only a few American writers have treated.
Nathaniel Hawthorne gives us penetrating analysis of mind 1 акл; 2 перем, валон зур акл эгаси, акил, доно, элим, муиафаккир бош. Human mind and heart interest the writer very much. He also exhibited a greater interest in the noral and religious imagination (than did edgar Pol).
Herman Melville greatly admired Hawthornes psychological work. Hawthorne portrayed spiritual straggle, particularly the conflict between faith = вера and doubt and the tension between (arge), порыв; (elec) импульс; to set on - поддаваться порыву impulse and restraint (ris'treint) (moderation) бошлик сдержанность 6; (restriction) ограничение.
1) sketch n. (drawing) эскиз, набросан; (outline) набросок; (theat TV) скетч = кичик хажвий ______? тури; v t (drawing) набросать; also - (out) обрисовывать в общих чертах.
2) recess [ri'ses] n. (in room) ____?; sec (secret place) тайинлик перем. Бирор нарсанинг энг яширин (_____?) томони; (pol. etc.: holiday) каникулы pl, (US Law: short break) перепыв; (seal) большая перемена.
3) Romance [rэ'm_ns] n. (love affair, novel) роман; (charm) романтика; (Mus.) романс
Фронтон - архит. бино фасадининг учбурчак шаклидаги томчаси булган тепа кисми шунингдек, эшик, деразалар тепасидаги шу шаклда ишланган безак.
Writing in the
Scrutiny n. - тщательное изучение (= рассмотрение); наблюдение, пухта, синчиклаб урганиш (куриб чикиш); кузатиш.
Counterpart (s) - нусхалари - копии; (коллеги - хамкасблар).
Integrate (s) v t интег (gpoups, individuals) объединяться = бирлашмок. mid - nineteenth century, Hawthorne reinvented the history of his Puritan ancestors (his grandfather was a judge at the Salen witch trials). By casting the settings of some stories back two Centuries, Hawthorne created a distand that enaled ____ to explone and eraluate Americas Puritan legacy. Наследства, наследие.
Through an emphasis on the themes of secrecy, секретность quilt, isolation, and spiritual pride, the stories and sketches in both volumes consistentey reveal Hawthorne's preoccupation with = озабоченность the effects of Puritanism on New England. In their moral intensity his stories display the kind of religious and spiritual obsessivness = одержимость that characterized the Puritan sensibility. In their sharp focus = центр; фокус on a few central characters (such as Hester Pryme, Arthur Dimmesdale, and Roger chilling worth in «The Scarlet Letter») they demoustrate an affinity = близость; родство with Greek tragic drama, with which they share also a dark catastrophic and an acute phsyshological in sight.
In 1842 Hawthorne settled in Coneord, Massachusetts, and married Sophia ______body, who bore him two daughters and a son. He worked as surveyor = инспектор of the port of Salem (a king of customs inspector) and wrote among other works a campaign biography of his college friend, Franklin Pierce. Upon Pierce's election to the presidency Hawthorne was made American consul = ____________ at Liverpool, England (1853-1857), which served as a base for his Continental travels, particularly to Italy, where he lived for two years. After his sojourn = пребывание abroad Hawthorne returned to Concord where he Continued writing, completing his final novel, «The Marble Farn» (1860), as well as «Our Old Home» (1863), observatious on living in England Following his death in 1864, his wife edited his notebooks, which were published posthumously along with fragments of an aborted romance [r `m ns] (love after, novel) Роман, charm романтика; (Mus) романс. Although Hawthorne's fiction is astonishingly allurate psychologically, his work is more romantic than realistic. In fact, he claimed that he did not write novels but romances, which freed him from the necessity of remaining faithful to literal realidy so he could concentrate on achieving what he considered the more important inner truths of art.
His fiction is riddled with symbols, from the forest in «Young Goodman Brown» to the scarlet A worn by Hester Prynne in «The Scarlet Letter».
Хотя художественные произведения Хоторна удиветельно аккуратные психологические, они более романтические чем реалистические.
Эскиз 1) расм ёки суратнинг дастлабки, тахминий, хомаки нусхаси, номунаси; 2) бирор нарсани ясашга, куришга асос буладиган сурати ёки лойихаси.
Scrutiny (`skru:tini) n. тщательное изучение or рассмотрение; under sub: s под чьим_н. наблюдение.
Couuterpart (`kjuntepl: t) n (of person) коллега (of document etc.) копия.
Integrate v: t (`intigrei: t) интегрировать
v:t (groups, individuals) объединяуеься.
Integral (`intigrol) adj. (feature, element) неотъемлемый (неотъемлем) n (math) интеграл.
Improse v:t (sanetions, vestrictions, discipline ete) налогать, наложить v:t to on smb. навязываться (навязаться) кому-нибудь.
Seclusion (si'klu:sen) уединения;
in в уединении.
token n (sign, souvenir) знак; (substitution coin) жесток.
adj (strike, payment ete) символический;
by the same (tig) по той же причине;
book gift (Brit) книжный / подорочный талон
record (brit) талон на пластинку.
expan d (ed) vt (areo, business, influence) расширять
(numbers) увеличивать; (gas, metal, business) расширеться; (population) увеличиваться.
to on (story, ideo ete) подробно разъеснять.
aftnity (efiniti) n to have an with (bond) ощущать близость с;
(resemblance) обноруживать родство с.
insight (into) понимание to gain an into smith вникать в что-нибудь.
surveyor (se'veie) n (of land) топограф (of house) инспектор
sojourn (`sodse:n) пребивание;
abort (ed) vt (plan, activity) прекрещать;
(comput) преривать; med to a baby делать
valent
multiple (`m ltipl) adj (injuries) многочисленный;
(interests) разнообразный n (natn) кратное число;
(Brit) also stove филиал сети (магазинов); collision столкновение нескольких автомобилей.
Suspense (ses'pens) n (uncertainty) тревога, ожидания;
(in film etс) подвешенном состоянии напряжении. to keep smb. In держать кого-нибудь в.
The American poet - democrat and publicist Walt (Walter) Whitman (1819-1892) was the first who stood to support - realism in the USA. He was born to the family of a farmer in a village on the long - Island, which is now a part of New York. Later the family moved to Brooklyn - in the suburbs of New York. Having no opportunity to finish high school, Walt still a youth had to earn a living. He worked as a messenger and then as an apprentice (learner) in a printing - house.
The great poet of America was self - taught. He gained wide knowledge and became a well - educated person. He reached the top of poetry thanks to his self - motivated reading. Whitman fought for the interests of working people in new conditions. In the 40's he turned to journalism and wrote for the newspapers of Brooklyn.
In 1846 he became an editor of the large democratic newspaper «Brooklyn Daily Eagle». He worked there for two years (which coincided with the Mexican War 1846-1848).
Whitman was against the Mexican - American war (predatory war was a predatory war in American history) and one of his editorials - leading articles ended with the statement that the war should be put to an end.
Returning to Brooklyn at the close of 1848, Whitman edited the newspaper «A Free Man» where he continued his persistent struggle against slave - owners and their accomplices.
When he had to leave his post at the newspaper he became a carpenter. Whitman's best friends were workers, drivers of vans and omnibuses, sailors and fishermen. A barbarian law about returning runaway slaves enacted in 1850 under the pressure of the slave - owners caused an explosion of indignation from common Americans and these events avoided Whitman's muse. In his poems. The «Song of the Flabbiness», «Bloody Money», «Killed in the House of Friends». he expresses his anger against slave - owners and their accomplices.
In 1855, as an unemployed journalist he collected a little volume of poems and rhymes called «Leaves of Grass». The roofs of his poetry went into an American folklore. He found support in American humor and wrote in blank - verse.
Whitman perceived all characteristic qualities of humor and folklore: boundless exaggeration (overstatement), cosmic seals, social criticism, Davie Croquet's good Natured boasting and Paul Bangan's heroic inspiration (enthusiasm).
Whitman states that all people are equal, class and racial prejudices should be swept aside.
In the first chapter of the poem «Song of Myself» Whitman writes:
I celebrate myself, and sing myself…
The poetical «I» of Walt Whitman is common man, man in general. Whitman's heart is open to everybody. The poet expresses his heartfelt feelings and love towards the working people. He merges (combines) with the people.
The poem «Song of Myself» turns into a hymn to a man of labor. But its philosophical meaning is wider, that is, a hymn to life on the earth.
In «Leaves of Grass» he raises his voice against slavery - the shame of America.
In «Boston Ballad» Whitman castigates the American bourgeoisie who accepted a low about fugitive agvols. In his pamphlet, «The 18th Presidential Elections», (1856) the poet analyses the political systems of the USA and shows that the dreams of Americans for freedom and democracy have nothing to do with social system of America. Whitman criticizes both Republicans and Democrats.
Whitman understands that the Americans people, who won a victory over the slave - owning fourth only to find themselves in a new servitude into the slavery of monopolies. About it he spoke in his treatise «Democratic Vistas» (1871). This is a manifesto for the defense of realism.
The poet condemns the spirit of gain that the crisis, about American democracy of seared America he speaks about. One of the signs of the decay was the ground, which sometimes takes place during elections.
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