In this poem «Mack Swiggen. Sative» шеър (1775) he creates sativical image of a (dull, untalented) ungifted poet, dullard = (blockhead) - трища Mack Swiggen. Mac sevved the stroug people of the time and sained glory and money.

In 1793 he wrote about the tasks of American Verbs and writers. In his article «True Purposes of the Theatre» (1797) Frenean cypressed his deep thoughts on the dask of the art.

Frenean was one of the pioneers who fought for independent American literature. And his poem (шеър) «Literary Import» (1788) is about it.

During the War for Independence Frenean exited in Philadelphia a magazine «Foural of a Fvee Man» (1781-1783).

In his series of essays «The Peilosopher of the Forest» () we can read his allegorical story «The Island of Grabbers» () In New York he founded «City Newspaper» () (1788-1790) he planed there many newessays, stories.

In «An old soldier and his Dog» (1790) Freneun shows tragic fate of a soldier who became poor and a cripple (калена).

Frenean exposes the power of money in «A Political Creed» (Политические размышления) (1797).

In the middle of the 90_ies he created a curious book «Tomo-Cheki, An Indian from a trible of (крик) = yell (screeun) of Philadelphia». Frenean is seen here as a revolutionary enlightener.

Frenean is justly considered to be a father of American poefry. He was the poet of two rewolutions-american and French.

«The house of Night» 1778 (Дом ночи). There we can read «The Power of Fancy», «To the memory of the Brave Americans», «stauras to an Alien» and other poems.

He wrote many poems about American indiaus In a poem «American Freedom» (1775) (поэма) he believes in the victory of Americans as they are fightiny for their rights and their fight just.

In 1778 he wrote his poem «American is Independent» where the anthour castigates George III.

His poems about the slaver in America are deep and there the outhor stigmatizes the slave owners of West-India.

Philip Frencan was the second outstanding = sreat son of America after Peine. The son of New York voine morchant of French descent, Philip Frencan had a stormy life; he was a student, rebel, poet, journalist, trader, sailor, war-prisoner, and a government clerk. At the outbreak of American bourgeois revolution he wrote several satires against the English. In 1780 he was captured by them and put in a British prison-ship, the horrors of whichhe described in the poem «The British Prison - Ship» (1781), «Британский тюремный корабль», published after he had been released in Exchange for English prisoners. His political poems earned him the title of the poet of the American Revolution. These were collected by him into the volume Poems Written between the Years 1768 and 1794. In 1799 he published his «Letters on Various Interesting and Important Subjects».

During the last years of his life he cviticter severely the anti-democratic character of the American bourgeois State and was opposed to the realtirnary policy of the Federalists. During the Anglo-American war of 1812 he wrote a number of poems against Ebgland.

Though his political poetry was his most important contribution to American Letters, he is remembered also for his Lyrical poems, of which «The Indian Burying Ground» and «The Wild Honey-Suckle» deserve mention as examples of sentimentalism to American poetry.

Philip Frencan was a fearless exposer (accuser кораловчи-фош этувчи) of social injusfice, Untiring = (fiveless) (чарчашни билмайдиган - неутомимый) defender of the interests of his people. He graduated from the Princfon University in 1771. He became as poet of the American revolution, its herald (=messenger - глашатай - жарчиси) At Jefferson's proposal he created «The National Gareble», which became a fighting organ of the demoeratic party. Philip Frencan continued Peine's works. Philip hated monarchy and despotism he criticized new capitalist relations. He considered revls articlist only those poor = (камбагал) writers = (men oof pen) as the latter are independent and incorcuptable (неподкупный-сотилмайдиган).

In his poem «Mak Swiggen Satire» шеър (1775) he created sativical image of a (dull, untalented ungitted poet, dullard = (blockhead) - туница Mack Swiggen. Mac severed the strong people of the time and sained glory and money).

In 1793 he wrote about the tasks of American poets and writers. In his article «True Purposes of the Theatre» (1797) Frencan expressed his deep thoughts on the art.

Frencan was one of the pioneers who fonght for independent American literature. And his poem (шеър) «Literary Import» (1788) is about it.

During the war for ludependence Frenqau ekited in Pliladelplia a magazine «Foural ofa Fvee Mein» (1781-1783).

In hisseries of essays «The Plilosopher of the Forest» («Философ из лесной гуши») we can real his allegorical story. «The Islaud of Grabbers» («Остров хануг»).

In New York he founded «City Newspaper» (Городская газета) (1788-1790) he plaied there many new essays, stories.

In «Om old soldier and his Dog» (1790) Frencan shows tragic fate of a soldier who became poor and a cripple (калена).

Frencan exposes the power of moven in «A Political Greed» («Политические размышления») (1797).

In the middle of the 90_ies he created a curious book «Tomo-Cheeki, An Indian from a trible of (крип) = yell, (screem) of Pliladelphia». Frencan is seen here as a revolutionary enlightener.

Frencan is justly considered to be a father of American poetry. He was the poet of two revolutious - American and French.

«The House of Night» (1778) (Дом ночи). There we can read «The Power of Fancy», «To the memory of the Brave Americans», «Stauras to an Alien» and other poems.

He wrote many poems about American Indiaus In a poem «American Freedom» (1775) (поэма) he believes in the victory of American, as they are fishtiny for their rights and their fight just.

In 1778 he wrote his poem «America is independent» where the anthor castisates George III.

His poems about the slavery in America are also deep and there the author stigmatizes (клеймит) the slaveowners of West-India.

The Wild Honey Suckle by Philip Frenau (1752-1832)

Fair flower, that does so comely grow,

Hid in this silent, dull retreat,

Untouched thy honied blossom blow,

Unseen thy little branches greet,

No roving foot shall crush thee here,

No bush hand provoke a tear.

By Nature's self in white arrayed,

She bade thee shun the vulgar eye,

And planted here the guardian shade,

And send soft waters murmuring by,

Thus quietly thy summers goes,

The days declining to repose.

Smith with those charms, that must decay,

I grieve to see your future doom,

They died-nor were those flowers more gay,

The flowers that did In Eden bloom;

Unpitying frosts, and Autumn's power

Shall leave no vestige of this flower.

From morning suns and evening dews

At first thy little being came:

If nothing ones, you nothing lose,

For when you die you are the same;

The space between, is but an hour,

The frail duration of a flower.

Eden: Garden that was the home of the first man and woman,

Adam and Eve, as told in the book of Genesis of the bible

Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)

Nathaniel Hawthorne is perhaps best - known for his novel - or «romance», as be called it «The Scarlet Letter» (1850). In this work and others including «The House of the Seven Gables» (1851) and such stories as «Roger Malvin's Burial», «Young Goodman Brown», «The Maypole of Merry Mount», and «The Minister's Black Veil», Hawthorne sketches the spiritual history of New England.

Hawthorne's works explore moral issues by probing psychological recessesthat only a few American writers have treated. In their penetrating analysis of states of mind, their laying bare of human motivation, and their canny use of the supernatural, Hawthorne's stories reward repeated readings. Like Edgar Allan Poe, Hawthorne evinced a strong interest in the working of the human mind and heart, though Hawthorne exhebited a greater interest in the moral and religious imagination than did Poe. Like Herman Melville, a writer who greatly admired his work, Hawthorne portrayed spiritual struggle, particularly the conflict between faith and doubt and the tension between impulse and restraint sketch.

Though often centered around a moral idea or spiritual value, Hawthorne's stories typically develop and explore that idea or value by means of an intense scrutiny of the psychological impulses displayed by this characters. His characters are not so much realistic counterparts of actual people as allegorical figures that symbolize on concept or idea. The main character of «Young Goodman Brown «, for example, bears a universalisins name while his wife, Faith, is clearly allegorical.

Even this use of names, however, is more complex than we have suggested. Hathorne at his best created characters who embody moral and spiritual ideas while containing characteristics that make them believable as human agents. In fact, one of the most interesting aspects of Hawthorne's fiction is the way he combines and integrates the real and supernatural, the apparent and the actual, the moral and the psycological. It is the dialectic between these complementary pairs that often reveals the conflict in his stories and complicates and enriches the ideas embodied in them. If the heart of Hawthorne's fiction is found at the intersection of the moral and the psycological, the spirit of his stories blends the fanciful or imaginary with the historical. By casting the settings of some stories back two centuries, Hawthorne created a distance that enabled him to explore and evaluate America's Puritan legacy.

Nathaniel was a child when his father died, leaving his father to a life of self - imposed seclusion which Hawthorne himself followed upon his graduation from Bowdoin College, choosing to live for twelve years in his mother's house in Salem. During this time he published privately his first novel,

«Fanshawe» (1828), and numerous tales and sketches in periodicals such as «The Token». His early tales were collected and published together in 1837 as «Twice Told Tales» expanded (in 1842). A later collection, «Mosses from an Old Manse,» which so impressed Herman Mellville, was published in 1846. Through an emphasis on the themes of secrecy, guilt, isolation and spiritual pride, the stories and sketches in both volumes conistently reveal Hawthorne's preoccupation with the effects of Puritanism on New England. In their moral intensity his stories display the kind of religious and spiritual obsessivness that characterized the Puritan sensibility. In their sharp focus on a few central characters (such as Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, and Roger Chillingworth in «The Scarlet Letter») they demonstrate an affinity with Greek tragic drama, with which they share also a dark catastrophe and an acute psychological insight.

In 1842 Hawthorne settled in Coneord, Massachusetts, and married Sophia Peabochy,

who bore him two daughters and a son. He worked as surveyor of the part of Salem (a kind of customs inspector) and wrote among other works a campaign biography of his college friend, Franklin Pierce. Upon Pierce's election to the presidency Hawthorne was made American council at Liverpool, England (1853-1857), which served as a base for his continental travels, particularly to Italy, where he lived for two years. After his sojourn abroad Hawthorne returned to Cancord where he continued writing completing his final novel, «The Marble Fawn» (1860), as well as «Our Old Home «(1863), observations on living in England. Following his death in 1864, his wife edited his note - books, which were published posthumously along with fragments of an aborted romance.

Although Hawthorne's fictions is astonishingly accurate psychologically, his work is more romantic them realistic. In fact, he claimed that he did not write novels but romances, which freed him from the necessity of remaining faithful to literal reality so he could concentrate on achieving what he considered the more important inner truths of art.

His fiction is riddled with symbols, from the forest in «Young Goodman Brown» to the garden in «Rappaccini's Daughter» to the scarlet A worn by Hester Prynne in «The Scarlet Letter».

Hawthorne's symbols, moreover, are polyvalent they mean different things, some of which the author articulates in the voice of an anonymous narrator, but all of which are finally left up to the reader to understand. Hawthorne in fact frecuently provides two or more ways of interpreting a symbol or understanding an event, as, for example, whether Goodman Brown really went into the forest or dreamed his experience, or the multiple explanations of Hester Prynne's letter Part of our pleasure in rewarding Hawthorne's storis results from watching him create the ambiguities that make interpreting his work so rewarding. Part results from his playfulness and the evident pleasure of thought he requires for readers to tease out the various layers of significance in his fiction. Part also derives from the economy with which he works, suggesting much in little, in the manner of a poet.

If Edgar Allan Poe can be considered America's finest writer of tales of terror and suspense, if Herman Melville can be considered our finest philosophical writer of fiction and Mark Twain our greatest realist and satirist, then the honor of being America's greatest psychological and moral writer is Hawthorne's.

It is Hawthorne more than any other American writer who most fully explores the powerful moral and psychological influences of Puritanism and who best reveals the workings of the human heart.

Nathaniel Hawthorne is perhaps best known for his novel-or «romance» as be called if - «The Scarlet Letter» (Алвон харф) (1850). In this work and others including «The House of the Seven Gables» (1851) (Етти фронтли уй) and many other stories Hawthorne sketches1 the spiritual history of New England.

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