· "De facto proceedings" not (de - facto)
If, however, there is no risk of ambiguities, it may be written without a hyphen: "Sunday morning walk". Hyphenated compound adjectives may have been formed originally by an adjective preceding noun:
· "Round table" - "round - table discussion"
· "Blue sky" - "blue sky law"
· "Red light" - "red light district"
· "Four wheels" - "four wheel drive" (the singular, not the plural is used).
Others may have originated with a verb preceding and adjective or adv: "feel good" - "feel - good factor", "by now, pay later" - "by - now pay - later purchase".
Yet others are created with an original verb preceding a preposition:
· "Stick on" - "stick - on label"
· "Walk on" - "walk - on part"
· "Stand by" - "stand - by fare"
· "Roll on; roll off" - "roll - on roll - off ferry".
The following compound adjectives are always hyphenated when they are not written as one word:
· An adjective preceding a noun to which -d or -ed has been added as a past - participle construction, used before a noun:
o "loud - mouthed hooligan"
o "middle - aged lady"
o "rose - tinted glasses "
· A noun, adjective, or adv preceding a present participle:
o "an awe - inspiring personality"
o "a long - lasting affair"
o "a far -reaching decision"
· Numbers spelled out or as numerals:
o "seven-year itch"
o "five-sided polygon"
o "20th-century poem"
o "30-pice band"
o "tenth-story window"
· A numeric with the affix -fold has a hyphen (15-fold), but when spelled out takes a solid construction (fifteen fold).
· Numbers, spelled out or numeric, with added -odd: sixteen -odd, 70-odd.
· Compound adjectives with high- or low-: "high-level discussion", "low-price markup".
· Colors in compounds:
o "a dark-blue sweater"
o "a reddish-orange dress".
· Fractions as modifiers are hyphenated: "five-eight inches", but if numerator or denominators are already hyphenated, the fraction itself does not take a hyphen: "a thirty-three thousandth part".
· Fraction used as nouns have no hyphens: "I ate only one third of pie".
· Comparatives and superlatives in compound adjectives also take hyphens:
o "the highest-placed competitor"
o "A shorter-term loan".
· However, a construction with most is not hyphenated:
o "The most respected member".
· Compounds including two geographical modifiers:
o "Afro-Cuban"
o "African-American" (sometimes)
o "Anglo-Asian"
· But not
o "Central American".
The following compound adjectives are not normally hyphenated:
· Where there is no risk of ambiguity:
o "a Sunday morning walk"
· Left-hand components of a compound adjective that end in -ly that modify right-hand components that are past participles (ending in -ed):
o "a hotly disputed subject"
o "a greatly improved scheme"
o "a distantly related celebrity"
· Compound adjectives that include comparatives and superlatives with more, most, less or least:
o "a more recent development"
o "the most respected member"
o "a less opportune moment"
o "the least expected event"
· Ordinarily hyphenated compounds with intensive adv in front of adjectives:
o "very much admired classicist"
o "Really well accepted proposal".
English compound adjectives are formed:
1. Adjective + noun: blackboard
2. Adjective + adjective: blue-green, dark-red, light-green.
3. Adjective + verb: highlight
4. Adjective + preposition: forthwith.
In Uzbek compound adjectives are formed in the following way:
1. Noun + noun - these adjectives are written separately: ?аво ранг, кул ранг
2. Adjective + noun - these adjectives are written as one word: ?имматба?о
3. Noun or adverb a verb with the suffix "ap": тезо?ар, эрксевар, ме?натсевар
But these adjectives are hyphenated when we translate it into English: ме?натсевар - hard-working, эрксевар - peace - loving and etc.
4. Noun + "apo" word: хал?аро as in English international.
There are a group of words which form compound adjectives, such as: аралаш, йў?, кўл, олий, оч, тў?, тўла, чала: ?умаралаш лой, тенги йў? ?из, кўп тармо?ли со?а, олий маълумотли, оч ?изил, ?орни тў?, тў? ?изил.
In English we can also find the signal words which form compound adjectives; but they are hyphenated: light, dark, long, middle, high: e.g. light - green, dark-blue, middle-aged, long-legged, and high-qualified.
German compound adjectives are formed like English compound adjectives.
1. Adjective + adjective + Adjektive = shwarzweissrot.
Deutsch + usbekisch = deutsch - usbekisch
2. Hell + grun = hell - grun. As in English light - green
3. Adjektive + Adverb = bekannt + in der Welt = Wellbekannt
машхур + дунёда = дунёга машхур
hart + wie Stahl = Stahlhart
?атти? + пўлатдай
This kind of adjectives always express comparison rot + wie ziegel = ziegelrot - красный как кирпич
blau + wie himmel = himmelblau - синий как небо
But in English “as … as” is used to show comparison: as blue as the sky
2.3.3 Compound Verbs
In Uzbek compound verbs are formed by joining two words:
1. Verb + noun - verb word: дам олмо? (to rest), ?имоя ?илмо?(to defend), пайдо бўлмо?(to appear).
Some of them are synonyms to simple verbs:
ёрдам бермо?, = ёрдамлашмо?, - to help - to give a hand
2. Verb + verb = сотиб олмо?, чи?ариб олмо?, ютиб олмо?.
Some verbs such as ў?иб чи?ди, кўриб бўлди, бошлаб юборди are not compound verbs in speech. They have no a new lexical meaning.
Verbs which are considered compound , may not be a compound verb in English and German:
му?окама ?илмо? - to discuss (simple verb)
?олиб бўлмо? - to win
In German the main word of compound verb is the second word, but modifying one will be:
· Noun:
teilnehmen - ?атнашмо?
rad fahren - велосипедда учмо?
· Adjective:
fertigmachen-tayorlamoq, oxiragacha bajarmoq.
festhalten - ushlamoq.
leichtfallen - oson bo`lmoq
· Verb: kennenlernen - знакомитъся.
2.3.4 Classification of compound Words Based on Correlation
· According to the type of correlation all productive types of compound words may be classified into four major classes:
1. Adjectival-nominal compounds comprise four subgroups of compound adjectives-three of them are proper and one derivational, they are built after the following formulas and patterns:
· a, b) the n+a formula, e. g. snow-white, colour-blind, journey-tired correlative; with word-groups of the A + as+N,. A +prp+N type, e. g. white as snow, blind to colours, tired of journey. The structure is polysemantic;
· c) the s+ved formula, e g. fear-stained, duty-bound, wind-driven correlated with word-groups of the type Ved with/by+N, e. g. stained with tears, bound by duty, etc. The distributional formula is monosemantic and is based on the instrumental relations between the components;
· d) num+n formula, e. g. (a) two-day (beard), (a) seven-year (plan), (a) forty-hour (week) correlative with Num + N type of phrases, e. g. two days, seven years, etc. Adjectives of this subgroup are used only attributively;
· e) the (a+n) + -ed pattern of derivational compounds, e. g. long-legged, low-ceilinged. This structure includes two more variants; the first member of the first component may be a numeral stem or a noun-stem (num+n) +-ed, (n+n) +-ed, e. g. one-sided, three-cornered, doll-faced, bell-shaped. Compounds of this subgroup are correlative with phrases of the type--with (having) + A+N, with (having) + Num+N, with (having)+N+N (or N+of+N), e. g. with (or having) a low ceiling, with (or having) one side, with (or having) three corners, with (or having) a doll face for with (or having) the face of a doll, with (or having) the shape of a bell.
· The system of productive types of compound adjectives may be presented as follows (table 2).
2. Verbal-nominal compounds belong to compound nouns. They may all be described through one general distributional structure n+nv, i. e. a combination of a simple noun-stem with a deverbal noun-stem. This formula includes four patterns differing in the character of the deverbal noun-stern. They are all based on verbal-nominal word-groups, built after the formula V+N or V+prp+N:
· a) [n+v+-er)] pattern, e. g. bottle-opener, stage-manager, baby-sitter, peace-fighter, is monosemantic and is based on agcntive relations that can be interpreted as 'one who does smth';
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