1. Compound nouns
2. Compound adjectives
3. Compound adverbs
4. Compound verbs
German compound words are also divided into 4:
3. Compound verbs
4. Compound numbers
a) Compound Nouns
2.3.1 Compound Nouns
Most English compound nouns are noun phrases that include a noun modified by adjectives or attribute nouns. Due to the English tendency towards conversion, the two classes are not always easily distinguished. Most English compound nouns that consist of more than two words can be constructed recursively by combining two words at a time. The compound science fiction writer, for example, can be constructed by combining the resulting compound with writer. Some compounds, such as salt and pepper or mother - of pearl, can be constructed in this way, however.
In general, the meaning of a compound is a specialization of the meaning of its head. The modifier limits the meaning of the head. This is most obvious in descriptive compounds, also known as Karmad haraya compounds, in which the modifier is used in an attributive or appositional manner. A blackboard is a particular kind of board which is generally black, for instance.
In determinative compounds, however, the relationship is not attributive. For example, a foot stool is not a particular type of stool that is like a foot. Rather, it is a stool for one's foot or feet. (It can be used for sitting on but that is not its primary purpose). In a similar manner, the office manager is the manager of an office, an armchair is a chair with arms, and a raincoat is a coat against the rain. These relationships, which are expressed by prepositions in English, would be expressed by grammatical case in other languages. Compounds of this type are also known as tatpurusha compounds.
But of the above types of compounds are called endo centric compounds because the semantic head is contained within the compound itself a blackboard is a type of board, for example, and a footstool is a type of stool.
However, in another common type of compound, the exocentric or ba huvrihi compound, the semantic head is not explicitly expressed. a red head, for example, is not a kind of head, but is a person with a red head, but a person with a head that is as hard and unreceptive as a block (i.e. stupid). And, outside of veterinary surgery, a lion - heart is not a type of heart, but a person with a heart like a lion (in its bravery, courage, fearlessness).
Exocentric compounds occur more often in adjectives than nouns. A barefoot girl, for example, is not a girl that is a bare foot, but a girl with a bare foot. Similarly, a V - 8 car is a car with a V - 8 engine rather than a car that is a V - 8, and a twenty - five - dollar car is a car with a worth of $ 25, not a car that is $ 25. The compounds shown here are bare, but more commonly, a suffixal morpheme is a added, esp. - ed. Hence, a two - legged person is a person with two legs and this is exocentric.
On the other hand, endocentric adjectives are also frequently formed, using the suffixal morphemes: - ing or -er/or. A car - carrier is a clear endocentric determinative compound: it is a thing that is a carrier of cars. The related adjective, car - carrying, is also endocentric: it refers to an object which is a carrying - thing.
These types account for most compound nouns, but there are other, rarer types as well. Coordinative, copulative or dvandva compounds combine elements with a similar meaning, and the compound meaning may be a generalization instead of specialization. Bosnia - Herzegovina, for example, is the combined area of Bosnia and Herzegovina, but a fighter - bomber is an aircraft that is both a fighter and a bomber. Iterative or amredita compounds repeat a single element, to express repetition or as an emphasis. Day - by - day and go -go - go are examples of this type of compound, which has more than one head.
Analyzability may be further limited by cranberry morphemes and semantic changes. For instance, the word butterfly, commonly thought top be a metathesis for flutter by, which the bugs do, is actually based on an old bubbe - maise that butterflies are petite witches that steal butter from window sills. Cranberry is a part translation from Low German, which is why we cannot recognize the element cran (from the Low German kraan or kroon, "crane"). The ladybird or ladybug was named after the Christian expression "our Lady, the Virgin Mary".
In the case of verb + noun compounds, the noun may be either the subject or the object of the verb. In playboy, for example, the noun is the subject of the verb (the boy plays), whereas it is the object in call girl (someone calls the girl).
A black board is any board that is black, and equal prosodic stress can be found on both elements (or, according to psycholinguist Steven Pinker, the second one is accented more heavily.) A blackboard, compound, may have started out as any other black board, but now is a thing that is constructed in a particular way, of a particular material and serves a particular purpose; the word is clearly accented on the first syllable.
Sound patterns, such as stresses placed on particular syllables, may indicate whether the word group is a compound or whether it is an adjective - + - noun phrase. A compound usually has a falling intonation: "blackboard", the "White House", as opposed to the phrases "black board". (Note that this rule does not apply in all contexts. For example, the stress pattern "white house" would be expected for the compound, which happens to be a proper name, but it is also found in the emphatic negation "No, not the black house; the white house!").
Uzbek compound nouns.
Uzbek compound nouns are formed in the following ways:
1. Noun and noun: от?уло?, ?ўларра
2. Adjective + noun: кўксултон, хомток
3. Noun + adjectivesective: гулбеор, ошкўк
4. Number + noun: мингоё?, ?ир?о?айни, учбурчак
5. Noun + verb ўринбосар, бешиктерватар
6. Verb + verb искабтопар, олиб сотар
Following compound words are written without hyphen:
1) The nouns with one stress: гулкўрпа, ош?озон, ў?илон, тутмайиз.
2) Nouns + aр suffix: отбо?ар, из?увар
3) Geographical places: Сирдарё, О?тепа
German Compound nouns are formed in these ways:
1. Noun + noun: Infinitivform
2. Verb + noun: Leitglied
3. Noun + adjective: Kleinkind, Reinmetall, Hochstufe
4. Number + noun: Erststellung, Drittdro?e, Tausendfuss
5. Pronoun + noun: Ichton, Erform, Ichbewu?tsein
6. Adverb + noun: Spatstellung
7. Praposition + noun: Mitschuler, Zwischenglied, Abart.
German Noun + verb nouns may express different relationships:
1. Object of action: Kindererziehung, Blaubersammlung
2. Subject of action: Mutterliebe
3. Material: Brotteig
4. Time: Sonntagsanzug
5. Place: Dorfteich, Waldrande
6. Purpose: Brotmesser, Roman Schreiber
2.3.2 Compound Adjectives
English compound adjectives are constructed in a very similar way to the compound noun. Black board jungle, gunmetal sheen and green monkey disease are only a few examples.
There are some similarities in forming English and German compound nouns: The components of some compound nouns may be joined with the help of linking consonant: English compound nouns statesman, sportsman nouns statesman, and sportsman are joined with the consonant "s".
German compound nouns are joined:
· with the help of linking element - "s" or "es"
die Arbeit + s + der Plan = der Arbeitsplan
das Land + es + die Grenze = die Landesgrenze
· with the help of " - in" or " - en".
der Student + en + die Versammlung = die Studentenversammlung
· with the help of linking element "e"
halt(en) + e + das Signal = das Haltesignal.
· without a' linking element:
der Tausch + der Wert = der Tauschwert.
But in Uzbek all compound nouns are joined together without any linking element.
A compound adjective is a modifier of a noun. It consists of two or more morphemes of which the left - hand component limits or changes the modification of the right - hand one, as in "the dark - green dress": dark limits the green that modifies dress.
Solid compound adjectives
There are some well - established permanent compound adjectives that have become solid over a longer period, especially in American usage: earsplitting, eye catching. However, in British usage these, apart from downtown, are more likely written with a hyphen: ear - splitting.
Other solid compound adjectives are for example:
· Numbers that are spelled out and have the suffix - fold added: "fifteen `fold", "six fold".
· Points of the compass: "northwest", northwesterly, "northwestwards", but not North -West Frontier.
Hyphenated compound adjectives
A compound adjective is hyphenated if the hyphen helps the reader differentiate a compound adjective from two adjacent adjectives that each independently modifies the noun. Compare the following examples:
· "acetic acid solution": a bitter solution producing vinegar or acetic acid (acetic + acid + solution)
· "acetic - acid solution ": a solution of acetic acid.
The hyphen is unneeded when capitalization or italicization making grouping clear:
· "Old English scholar ": an old person who is English and a scholar, or and old scholar who studies English
· "Old English scholar": is scholar of Old English
Страницы: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
