2. Phonetical changes in the 2nd components of compound words. Ex: итбурун - итмурун Туябўйин - Туямўйин.
“б” consonant in the beginning of the second component a changed into ”в”
Ex: ?орабой - ?оравой, ?ўзибой - ?ўзивой
амакибачча - амакивачча, то?абачча - то?авачча.
Some suffixes maybe added to the second element of compound word.
Ex: The most productive suffix for this group is”ли” e. g.
In the book of A.P. Khodjiev's “Compound and repeated word” ” ли” suffix is given in brackets.
Ex: Such kinds of compound words are given in this book.
2.2.3. Motivation in Compound words.
Compound words are motivated2 through the individual lexical meanings of their components and the meaning of the structure. In motivated compound words the native speaker can see a connection between the lexical meanings of the stems and the meaning of the order and arrangement of components of the word. Motivation in compound words varies in degree. There are compounds which are completely motivated, i.e. the lexical meaning of these words is transparent and is easily deduced from the lexical meanings of the stems and the meaning of their distributional formulas. Compound words like wind-driven, sky-blue, foot-step, foot-pump, door-handle, and bottle-opener may serve as examples of completely transparent or motivated compound words. Motivation in compound words may be partial, but again the degree will vary. Compound words like hand-bag, flowerbed, handcuff are all only partially motivated, but still the degree of transparency of their meanings is different: hand-bag, e.g., is essentially 'a bag designed to be carried in the hand', whereas handcuffs retain only a resemblance to cuffs and in fact are 'metal rings placed round the wrists of 3 prisoner'; a f lower-bed is not 'a mattress or piece of furniture' as the lexical meaning of the second component suggests; but 'a piece1 of ground where flowers grow'. Compound words with a smaller degree-of partial motivation may be illustrated" by the words: walkup--'a house without an elevator where one has to walk upstairs', cast-off--'discarded', castle-builder--'a day-dreamer, one who builds castle; in the air'.
There are compound words that lack motivation altogether, i.e. the native speaker does not see any obvious connection between the meaning of their structure and the individual meanings of the stems and consequently cannot deduce the lexical meaning of the word. Compound words like eye-wash -`something said or done to deceive a person', fiddlesticks - 'nonsense rubbish', wall-flower--'a woman who remains. by the wall as a spectator at a dance, because not chosen as a partner', eye-servant--'a servant who attends faithfully to his duty only when watched', night-cap--'a drink taken before going to bed at night', dog-eared--'having the corners of the leaves turned down' all lack motivation and their lexical meanings cannot be deduced from the meanings of their components and the meaning of their structure. Lack of motivation in compound words may be often connected with the transferred usage of the denotational meanings of the components or of the whole word as in slow-coach--'a person who acts slowly', sweet-tooth--'one who likes sweet food and drink', wall-flower; the words consequently acquire a new co notational meaning not proper to either of their components. Lack of motivation is of ten due to the specialized and unexpected semantic relations embedded in the compound word as in, e.g., eye-servant, dog-days--'the hottest part of July and August'.
Sometimes the motivated and non-motivated meanings of the same word are felt as two homonymous words, e.g. night-cap 1) a cap worn in bed at night and 2) a drink taken before going to bed at night; eye-wash 1) a liquid for washing the eyes and 2) something said or done to deceive a person; eye-opener 1) enlightening or surprising circumstance and 2) a drink of liquor.
Semantic Classifications
Semantically compound words may be classified (1) according to the degree of motivation, and (2) according to the structural meaning of various distributional formulas described through the interrelation of the components.
1) According to the degree of motivation compound words are subdivided into (a) motivated or non-idiomatic, i.e. words marked either by complete or partial motivation which makes the meaning of the word transparent; (b) non-motivated or idiomatic, i.e. "words the lexical meanings of which cannot be inferred from the individual meanings of their components and the meaning of the distributional formula they are built after.
2) According to the structural meaning or the type of semantic relations between the components compound words may be classified into various groups as words based on the relations of: (a) agent and action, e.g. sunrise, earthquake, (b) object and action, e.g. warship, handshake, (c) the part and the whole, e.g. plum-tree, shirt-collar, eye-ball, etc., (d) the place end the action, or the doer, e.g. street-fighting, grass-hopper, garden-party, (e) the time and the action. e.g. day-flight, night-school, winter-sport, etc., (f) purpose, e.g. table-cloth, driving-suit, bird-cage, etc.
Chapter III Classification of Compounds
2.3 Types of Compounds according types of speech
Compound words may be classified
a) from the functional point of view;
b) from the point of view of the way the components of the compound are linked together and
c) from the point of view of different ways of composition.
a) Functionally compounds are viewed as words belonging to different parts of speech. The bulk of Modern English compound belong to nouns and adjectives: e.g. arm - chair, baby - sitter, boiling - point, knee - high, rain - driven, adverbs and connectives are represented by an insignificant number of words, e.g. indoors, within, outside and we may say that composition on the whole is not productive in adverbs and in connectives. It is of interest to note that composition in verbs in Modern English is not productive either. Verbs that are morphemically compound, such as to (goose flesh, (to) weekend; prove to be words of second derivation on the word - formation level.
b) from the point of view of the means by which the components are joined together compound words may be classified into: 1) words formed by mere placing one constituent after another in a definite order, e.g.: door - handle, rain - driven. This means of linking the components is typical of the greater part of Modern English compounds in all parts of speech.
2) compound words whose components are joined together with a linking element, as in speedometer Fro - Asian; compounds of this type are found both in nouns and in adjectives but present a small group of words considerable restricted by the nature of their components, The components of compound words of this type are mostly joined with the help of the linking vowel [ou] and occasionally the vowel. In both cases the first component often contains a bound root. E.g. Fro - Asian, Sino - Japanese, Anglo Saxon, tragicomic other examples of compound words of this type are electro - dynamic, handicraft, handiwork. This group is generally limited to the names of nationalities and scientific terms. The components of compound nouns may also be joined with the help of the linking consonant [slz] e.g. sportsman, tradesman, saleswoman, bridesmaid, statesman, landsman and etc. This is also a very small group of words restricted by the second component, which is, as a rule, one of the three stems man - , woman - , people - , and the commonest of them being man.
c) Compounds are also classified according to different ways of compounding. There are two ways of composition and accordingly we distinguish two types of compounds: those formed exclusively after a composition pattern, the so called compounds and those formed by a simultaneous operation of two types of word - formation: composition and derivation, the so - called derivational compounds:
Compound words proper are formed by joining together stems of words already available in the language, with or without the help of special linking elements such as: door - step, age - long, baby - sitter, looking - glass, they constitute the bulk of English compounds in all parts of speech and include both productive and non - productive patterns.
In Uzbek the relationship between the components of compound words are different: They show:
1. Comparison: карнайгул, от?уло? туя?уш, шерюрак, ?ўйкўз.
2. Relevance, purposed for something: гултувак (vase for flower), мол?ўра, оловкурак, ток?айчи,?ийматахта. In English washing - machine, blood - vessel (a tube through which bloods flows in the body).
3. Connection to some places: сувилон (a snake which lives in water), то?олча, чўлялпиз, ?ў?онарава like in English zookeeper, postman, house keeper, head - dress, ear - ring. In German Hausfrau, Wesserballspiel, Unterseeboot.
4. The mark of something: аччи?тош, ола?ар?а, шўрданак, ?изилиштон, ?изилтепа. In English long - legged, bluebell, slow - coach. Here are some examples of German: Dampfheizung, Arbeitkleidung.
5. Relationship to quantity: бешбармо?, мингоё?, ?ир?о?айни, Бешари?. This rule is also relevant to English compounds such as: three - cornered, fifteen - fold, six - fold, five - sided polygon. In German there are examples of this kind: Funfjahreplan.
Uzbek compound words are classified:
a) from the point of view of the way the components of the compound are linked together: хомкалла, кўксултон, искабтопар.
b) from the point of view of agreeing:
тўйбоши, китобсевар, дунё?араш.
с) from the point of view of relationship between subject and predicate: first elements of such kind compound will be predicate: гўшткуйди, келинтушди.
There are 6 types of compound words in Uzbek:
1. Compound nouns 4. Compound pronouns
2. Compound adjectives 5. Compound adverbs
3. Compound verbs 6. Compound number
Most frequently spread English compound words are:
Страницы: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
