Passive- verbal complication gives as a result the predicate of the structure Vpassen ingV, where Vpass -- the verb of passive -verbal complication, for example: She was supposed to write a paper on the subject. The bell was heard to r i n g/r i n g i n g. The most important foundation for the interpretation of distinguished constructions as a single member of the sentence and mainly of the complex predicate is their structural and semantic correlation with the predicate of the active-verbal complication (comp.: No component of the theory is allowed to remain -- No component of the theory may remain; Mr. Quiason is expected to arrive today -- Mr. Qutason must/ may arrive today and so on), whose predicative status has never been disputed by anybody. As in the case of the predicate of active-verbal complication, infinite form of the predicates of passive-verbal complication denotes the action, done by the subject. Finite form grammatically carries out the function of expression of predicativity, and semantically it introduces modifying moment in the character of the connection between the action and its bearer. Most of passive- complicating elements of the predicate (is said/ supposed/expected and so on) can be characterized as the bearers of the meaning of weak modality, if to classify modality of modal verbs (comp. may, must and so on) as strong one.
One can establish four main structural- semantic groups of passive -verbal complicators:
а) verbs denoting the processes of mental activity (to be supposed /believed/known and so on)
They are intended to be the day schools equivalent of the residential houses at boarding schools. (R. Pedley);
б) verbs, denoting communicative process (to be reported/said and so on) 'Repentence is said to be its cure, sir.' (C. Bronte);
в) verbs, denoting the processes of physical perception (to be heard/seen and so on): Distantly from the school the two fifteen bell was heard ringing. (I. Murdoch);
г) «provocative» verbs, i.e. verbs, denoting such actions, which have the action of the subject of the sentence as a consequence (to be forced / made / pressed and so on):
In order to explain these data, we have been forced to develop a number of theoretical concepts and new field procedures. (K. L. Pike)
Adjectives can also be complicating element with the combination of the verb to be or its equivalents. Such kind of complications is called adjective one.
There can be distinguished a number of varieties among the constructions of adjective- complication, which are different from each other by structural peculiarities and semantically:
1) predicate with complicating element, transforming modal evaluation of possibility or authenticity of the connection of the subject and the action. As an adjective element here is used such adjectives as sure, certain, likely and so on: 'Everything is sure to be there.' (E. M. Forster) Later they thought he was certain to die. (P. Abrahams) Т. Н.Huxley's invention, 'agnostic', is likely to be more e n d и r i n g. (J. Moore)
he sentences with the predicate with the complicating element of the given type is characterized by the possibility of application of transformation of nominalization to them N be A to V > Nv be A (He was certain to come > His coming was certain), and also transformation N be A to V > It be A that N V (He was certain to come > It was certain that he would come).
2) The predicates with the complicating elements, denoting physical, psychological or other characteristics of the subject, which is put in the relation with the action, designated by the infinitive.
The circle of lexical units, used as a complicating element here is wider than that in the previous group. The difference in their semantics, correlating with the definite structural differences, can serve as a base for further articulation of the material:
а) Content part of the complicating element denotes capability, necessity, possibility (for the subject) to commit the action. These are the adjectives like able/unable, capable, free, welcome, bound:
Then she would be able to enjoy holiday in peace. (I. Murdoch)
'This flirtation is bound to end pretty soon.' (I. Murdoch)
It is clearly seen the correlation with the group of modal characteristics of active-verbal complication.
b) Content element of complication names the psychic characteristics, expressing attitude of the subject to the action: glad, sorry, ashamed and many others:
Dr. Kroll will be happy to show you the hospital itself later.' (D, Lessing)
She was eager to tell me. (C. P. Snow)
Моr was relieved to be with him for a moment. (I. Murdoch)
The differences of morphological nature of content element of complicator (adjective and participle) determine the participation of the sentences with appropriate predicates in the series of equivalent transformations (1) and (2):
N be A to V > to V make N A > It make N A to V He was happy to come. > To come made him happy. > It made him happy to come.
N be Vl en to V2 > to V2 Vl N > It V1 N to V2 He was amazed to see that. > To see that amazed him. > It amazed him to see that.
c) Adjectives as a part of complication in the given group denotes an objective feature, typical to the subject in the relation with the action named by the infinitive. As a complicating element come forward such adjectives as quick, slow, fit, apt, ready:
He was quick to seize on this unexpected gesture of friendliness [...] (H. E. Bates) [...]
I was slow to pick up the reference. (C. P. Snow)
You weren't fit to take it,' she said. (C. P. Snow)
The boundary between the groups b) and c) is not absolute and appropriate difference is not always manifested. For example, in the sentence But only now I was prepared to listen. (D. Lessing) prepared can be considered both as a denoting position, taken by the subject in the relation to the action expressed by the infinitive and as objective feature of relation, existing between the subject and the action.
d) Content element of complication -- adjective expressing (in subjective interpretation of the author of utterance) feature typical to the subject in the relation with the action that it does: stupid, wise, mad, cruel, right, wrong, good and so on:
You are quite right never to read such nonsense.
He had been wrong to let the boy get away.
You have been cruel to me to go away.
Distinctive feature of the constructions that belong to this group is the possibility of the following transformational formations: N be A to V > to V be A p N > It be A p N to V. He was mad to come. > To come was mad of him. > It was mad of him to come.
e) The structures, combined in this subgroup, outwardly coincide with those, which were considered above. But there is difference of semantic structure, which are clearly seen in transformational level of analyses, for example:
Lost dogs are dreadful to think about. (J. Galsworthy)
She was good to look at in a broad way. (P. Abrahams)
Implicit meaning is peculiar to the components of the construction(the subject and the infinitive) : for the first one -- object, for the second one :-- passiveness, that determine the peculiarities of transformational constructions which differ from depicted above:
Verbal and adjective complications can be combined:
Moira seemed not to be able to move. (D. Lessing)
The first words may be more difficult to memorise than later ones.
(K. L. Pike)
C H A P T E R II
The ways and problems of translating predicate from English into Uzbek.
1.2 The link-verbs in English and their translation into Uzbek and Russian
In shaping the predicate the differences of language systems become apparent stronger and multilaterally than in shaping the subject. This is stipulated by the capacity and importance of the given part of the sentence. Apollova M.A. Specific English (grammatical problems of translation) M, 1977, p29 Actually, the predicate bears greater number of grammatical relations than the subject does.
The object itself, about which we are talking can reveal itself i.e. determine itself really only through actions and functions which are expressed by the predicate. The predicate connects the doer with the object and the modifiers of the action. That is why the predicate is factual center, which gravitates and gathers subgroups of all parts of the sentence.
This happens in any language. But it is vividly seen in English, where one cannot omit any main parts of the sentence. Here it is indicative to compare Uzbek and English composite nominal predicate.
Mening akam - muhandis. - My brother is an engineer.
The predicate can be expressed by two types of verbs: verbs denoting action, and the verbs denoting existence and objective reality. The use of the verbs of the first group as a predicate does not differ greatly form the appropriate Uzbek verbs of action, that's why we shall not stop at the predicate, expressed by the verb of action. We shall consider the verbs of the second group, which includes to be and to have, in the meaning and use of which it is observed essential divergence in comparison with the appropriate Uzbek bo'moq and ega bo'lmoq.
1. Verb to be
English verb to be corresponds to Uzbek verb `bo'moq'. In its main meaning `bor bo'moq' as it is well-known, verb ` bo'moq' is used in the past and future tenses, but in present tense it is usually omitted. But in English it is obligatory to use the copula verb in the present tense too. Compare the senetences:
Men honada edim.- I was in the room.
Men honada bo'laman.- I'll be in the room.
Men honada. - I am in the room.
Except the present tense (omitting copula verb in Uzbek and its obligatory presence in English - generally, it is formal circumstance, connected with the different structure of two languages), here the use and the meaning of `to be' coincide with `bo'lmoq' too. But the similarity exhausts here. Verb `to be' is much richer in its potential semantic possibilities than Uzbek `bo'lmoq'. Thus, depending on the context, it can obtain the meaning `the state in the space', for example:
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