Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
He asks me, «Where do you live?»
He asks (me) where I live.
He asked her, «Where does your father work?»
He asked her where her father worked.
He asked me, «Where did your father work?»
He asked me where my father had worked.
He asks me, «Are you a worker?»
He asks me if I am a worker.
He asked me, «Are you a worker?»
He asked (me) if I was a worker.
He asked her, «Were you a student?»
He asked (her) if she had been a student.
8. Put the verbs in brackets into their correct forms:
1. I thought that you (to arrive) at some decision.
2. I believed that a long-term loan (to be) absolutely necessary for that program.
3. I didn't know if you (to apply) for this job.
4. They said they (to work) seven hours a day.
5. Did he say that there (to be) a lot of problems with this agreement?
6. The manager said that we (to need) to reduce the amount of corporate income tax.
9. Change the direct speech into indirect speech:
1. The manager asked, «Does this project require long term financing?»
2. The director asked, «Are we repaying debts in due time?»
3. He asked, «Did this debt carry interest?»
4. The head of the company asked the Board of Directors, «Are we able to repay the loan?»
5. The manager asked the customer, «Can you wait a little longer?»
6. The customer asked, «Were the terms specified in any agreement?»
10. Translate the following sentences:
1. Markets provide a kind of economic polling booth for buyers to cost their votes for the goods and services they want.
2. Promotion is a key part of marketing because it is the way business get their messages to consumers.
3. Economists focus on the way in which individuals, groups, enterprises and governments seek to achieve efficiently any economic objective they select.
4. Let's suppose that you recently managed to save enough to buy the CD player you always wanted.
11. Translate the sentences:
1. The railways of Russia are much longer than those of England.
2. The climate of the Crimea is warmer then that of the Ural.
3. Our resources of oil are greater than those of Poland.
4. The rivers in the West of our country are not so long as those in the Eastern part.
12. Translate the following. Try to understand the meaning of suffixes:
Example: watch (N) - watchful (A)
наблюдение - наблюдательный
life (N) - lifeless (A)
жизнь - безжизненный
1. a sleepless night; 2. moonless night; 3. childless family; 4. helpless people; 5. wonderful evening; 6. a starless black sky; 7. a watchful man; 8. landless farmers; 9. a jobless man; 10. a powerful monopoly; 11. a hopeful project; 12. a painful problem.
13. Translate English jokes.
The young candidate for admission to the navy was being given a test to determine his general education. One of the questions puts to him was: «What kind of animals eat grass?» The young man fidgeted and looked out of the window, but apparently could think of no answer.
«Come, come», said the admiral who was examining him, «Surely, you can answer a simple question like that: what kinds of animals eat grass?»
The boy brightened up. «Animals!» he exclaimed, «I thought you said admirals.»
Unit 9
Grammar: 1. Passive Voice.
2. Пассивные конструкции характерные для английского языка.
3. Формы инфинитива.
I. Language Practice
1. Practise the fluent reading and correct intonation:
-- Hello, Tom!
-- Hello, Nick . Here you are at last. `What have you been doing all this `time?
-- You see. I've been `awfully busy `all this week. I've `got a new job.
-- `What `sort of job?
-- I'm an `assistant at a lab.
-- ,Congratu`lations, old chap! The `work must be very interesting.
-- Oh yes, it is.
-- `What is the `salary?
-- The same as `that of `all the other assistants. `Quite enough to live on and to put by a little.
2. Read and translate. Mind stress and pronunciation in the following nouns and verbs.
export import progress record transport
`expo:t n `impo:t n `proures n `reko:d n `tr nspo:t n
eks`po:t v im`po:t v pr`gres v ri`ko:d v tr ns`po:t v
conflict increase outlay produce retail
`knflikt n `inkri:s n `autlei n `prdju:s n `ri:teil n
kn`flikt v in`kri:s v aut`lei v pr`dju:s v ri:`teil v
3. Listen to the speaker; read and memorize the following words and phrases:
partnership - компания, товарищество
common law - общее право
civil law - гражданское право
to be entitled - иметь право
to provide - предусматривать
dormant partner - пассивный партнер
to be liable for smb's debts - нести ответственность за чьи-либо долги
obligations - обязательство
incur - нести, навлекать на себя что-либо
to invisage [in`vizi] - рассматривать
shareholder - акционер
board of directors - правление директоров
regime [rei`i:m] - зд. система правления
managing director - директор-распорядитель
to authorize - уполномачивать
to appoint - назначать
general supervision - общий надзор
issue - выпуск
share - акция
bond - облигация
borrowing - заем
executing officer - управляющий делами
treasurer - амер. заведующий
to confide to - поручать кому-либо
remuneration - оплата, заработная плата
to dismiss - увольнять
to vest powers - наделять полномочиями
Text. Management and Control of Companies
The simplest form of management is the partnership. In Anglo-American common-law and European civil-law countries, every partner is entitled to take part in the management of the firm's business, unless he is a limited partner; however, a partnership agreement may provide that an ordinary partner shall not participate in management, in which case he is a dormant partner but is still personally liable for the debts and obligations incurred by the other managing partners.
The management structure of companies or corporations is more complex. The simplest is that envisaged by English, Belgian, Italian, and Scandinavian law, by which the shareholders of the company periodically elect a board of directors who collectively manage the company's affairs and reach decisions by a majority vote. Under this regime it is common for a managing director (directeur gйnйral, direttore generale) to be appointed, often with one or more assistant managing directors, and for the board of directors to authorize them to enter into all transactions needed for carrying on the company's business, subject only to the general supervision of the board and to its approval of particularly important measures, such as issuing shares or bonds or borrowing. The U.S. system is a development of this basic pattern. By the laws of most states it is obligatory for the board of directors elected periodically by the shareholders to appoint certain executive officers, such as the president, vice president, treasurer, and secretary. The latter two have no management powers and fulfill the administrative functions that in an English company are the concern of its secretary; but the president and in his absence the vice president have by law or by delegation from the board of directors the same full powers of day-to-day management as are exercised in practice by an English managing director.
The most complex management structures are those provided for public companies under German and French law. The management of private companies under these systems is confided to one or more managers (gйrants, Geschдftsfьhrer) who have the same powers as managing directors. In the case of public companies, however, German law imposes a two-tier structure, the lower tier consisting of a supervisory committee (Aufsichtsrat) whose members are elected periodically by the shareholders and the employees of the company in the proportion of two-thirds shareholder representatives and one-third employee representatives (except in the case of mining and steel companies where shareholders and employees are equally represented) and the upper tier consisting of a management board (Vorstand) comprising one or more persons appointed by the supervisory committee but not from its own number. The affairs of the company are managed by the management board, subject to the supervision of the supervisory committee, to which it must report periodically and which can at any time require information or explanations. The supervisory committee is forbidden to undertake the management of the company itself, but the company's constitution may require its approval for particular transactions, such as borrowing or the establishment of branches overseas, and by law it is the supervisory committee that fixes the remuneration of the managers and has power to dismiss them.
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