A discursive essay presupposes following some rules. It should be written in a formal style. Topic sentence for introducing the subject of each paragraph, passive voice and impersonal constructions, use of quotations and references to other sources, linking words and phrases are of great importance. The learners should avoid contracted forms and colloquial expressions (e. g. lots of), over-generalizations (e. g. I absolutely detest…) and too emotional expressions, a series of simple sentences. It is better to combine simple sentences with complex and compound ones.
Chronology
Comparison
Contrast
Addition
Examples
Causes/Effects
before
after
next
since
first
second
while
when
as soon as
likewise
similarly
compare to/with
as…as
not only…but also
the same as
just like
also
too
however
on the other hand
on the contrary
whereas
but/yet
despite/in spite of
in contrast
although/even though
instead
nevertheless
nonetheless
in theory…in practice
and
in addition
as well as
furthermore
moreover
apart from
besides
in fact
another…is
for example
for instance
in general
in particular
namely
especially
such as
like
including
therefore
so
thus
as a result
because
for
due to/owing to
as
consequently
hence
for this reason
Sequence
Opinion
Advantage/Disadvantage
Conclusion
first/to start with/to begin with
first of all
secondly/after this (that) /next/then
third/thirdly
finally/lastly/last but not least
moreover/furthermore
one…
another…
the former…the latter
in my opinion
in my view
to my mind
(personally) I believe
I feel strongly that
it seems to me that
I think that
the first (dis) advantage
one (dis) advantage
another (dis) advantage
the main (dis) advantage
the greatest advantage of
finally
lastly
all things considered
in conlusion
to sum up
to crown it all
all in all
taking everything into account
on the whole
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