The results according to the functional and semantic transpositions can be seen in Tables 9-10.
Some words about trabsposition itself.
Transposition is a divergense between the traditional usage of a neutral word and its situational (stylistic) usage.
Transposition of verbs is more varied than other parts of speech. It is explained by a greater number of grammatical categories the meanings of which may be transposed. One of peculiar features of English tense forms is their polysemantism: the same form may realize various meanings in spoken English and other styles.
Deviation from the general meaning makes verbs stylistically coloured. Two types of transposition are presented in our table: functional and semantic - where inherent resources and devices of - English verbs create and establish a lot of subtle meaningful nuances by means of Morphology.
N.N. Rayevska throws light upon the nature of the functional and semantic peripheral field of the verbal voice and marks off it in her diagram where paradigmatic verbal forms and language units of the other levels are unified and consolidated together in the functional-semantic field of the voices hip. As innovation we have completed Table 11 «The Stylistic Potential of Peripheral Elements of the Passive Voice in Modern Enflish» and mean that it will enrich the verbal system and help and stimulate students' intensification of its usage in the frames of Theoretical English Grammar.
Presenting the functional-semantic field of the aspectual system of the English Verb the author lines down the categores of the aspect and tense as organically correlated: the form of the aspect is the form of the tense (as in Quirk's system) but she means there are two types of the aspect in English Grammar which are itroduced as the oppositions:
l. the common aspect (speaks, spoke, will speak);
2. the continuous aspect (is speaking, was speaking)
N.N. Rayevska puts forward several interesting and stimulating ideas for the further philological observations that according to her point of view are very productive and prospective:
1. Development of grammat co-ideomatical structures.
2. Morphological correlations of interlevel units and inclusion them in the peripheral field of verbal forms.
3. The Phrasiological System in its unity with garammatical functioning.
4. Paculiarities of lexical combinability and realization of tense-aspect forms in the community of their syntactical structures and others (a lot of ideas!)
The field arragement of tense-aspect: system for philological observations expands the frames of the traditional English Grammar and helps to reveal a lot. of stylistic colours and their shades.
In her turn the author of Stylistics of Modern English (Stylistic Decoding), I.V. Arnold writes:
«Stylistic potential is possibility to add an idiomatic power to the language and express various subtle distinctions of thoughts and meanings». [4, 124]
The author divides transposition into two types and distribute this material into two groups, Table 1.4 that have been complited by our team as visual material for studatns:
1. Transposition with emotional expressiveness.
2. Transposition with functional-stylistic character.
In our practical part-the second part of our paper - we give a lot of examples from original literature using this table and presenting some connotations of tense-aspect system conveyed by verbal forms:
- historical presence;
- continuous verbal forms;
- echo-questions;
- popular language;
- modal verbs, particles, idioms;
- repetitions of grammar forms;
- archaic verbal forms.
Two types of transposition [Table 1.4] described by I.V. Arnold are used in our practical part with the aim to expand the frames of their usage as obvious and visuial examples from English original literature.
Y.M. Skrebnev in his book Fundamentals of English Stylistics (lines down that «Stylistic Morphology, both paradigmatic and syntagmatic, has not yet been given full attention, especially with regard to English that has very few inflections, and most grammatical meanings are expressed analytically». [33; 84] The author puts in the forefront the problems of synonymy and transposition:
- variability of verbal forms;
- morphological difference between verbal forms;
- abolishing the morphlogical differentiations between Subjunctive II of the verb «to be» and the past indicative;
- «ungrammatical» usage of verbal forms;
- «praesens historicum» and others.
Y.M. Skrebnev represents Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic Morphology as means of the sylistic stocks. The author treats practically all the essentials of stylistics, gives numerous samples of text analysis, teaches the students to interpret and find adequate verbal account for stylistic impressions.
Satisfactory results in the philological training of students can be achieved only on condition that students have firmly, mastered the basic principles if every linguistic disciplin, stylistics included.
In the next monograph «English Stylistics» written by A.N. Morokhovskei it is accentuated that Stylistics is a synthetico - linguisitic subject and the language is researched as the system with a lot of elements that united into:
1. Expression means on all linguistic levels.
2. STYLISTIC DEVICES ON ALL COLLOQUIAL LEVELS.
3. Functional correlations with a society and environment.
In chapter «Stylistic usage of the verbal means» the author underlines that all stylistic possibilities of English verbs are very rich if we take into account a variety of verbal forms vebals and their range of meanings, tinges and nuances. The author considers that the tense-aspect forms can be presented in the contexts by the ways of making and creating their syntactic correlations (intercommunications) between forms, structures, constructions and grammar categories. And it is not disputed because the - verbal formations and» arragements are the main dynamic means and devices of stylistic expressions in literary, puplicistic and colloquial styles.
In this monograph these are a lot of interesting facts from different connotations in the grammatical, semantic and polysemantic realisations.
e.g. Douglas: Cris is doing all right, Basil.
Greff: Is that true? Are you doing all right, Cris?
In the question we can catch of feel either ironic or warm intonation but not duration expressed by the continuous tense. The forms of the present indefinite and present continuous are used for the transmission of facts, actions, events which have illsion of the Result but not duration as in following:
e.g.: Thanks for breakfast. I'm catching the train home. We can mart; that the modality of the obligation is shown by means of the continuous tense.
1. The categories of the English voice also can be in the role of stylistic means and devices:
e.g.: Since to love is better to be loved. It is the structure with antithesis.
2. e.g.: I did help him.
«did» is «still, nevertheless, however».
e.g.: They did go.
«did» is «the last, finally, in the end».
The emphatic «DO» is a strong stylistic feature that in its correlation with the verbal predicate creats the emphatic expression.
3. Implicit agent in scientific style is used in the introduction of the facts.
e.g.: It is understood / mentioned / assumed / believed / known…
For students we have completed two tables (13,14) with interesting facts and examples:
- how to use stylistic potential of the Imperetive mood;
- semantic and stylistic peculiarities expressed by the forms of the Subjunctive mood.
In monograph Stylistics of English Language the authors show that the diapason of stylistic devices is very high. We have marked only s some of them but very expressive categories of time, voice and mood. All these means can be used only in context. We consider that the subject «The Theory of Context» must be included in the syllabus for students from the foriegn language faculties. Our tables (13-14) which were completed for students as HOs on the Theoretical Grammar will help them to realise this garammatical material in practical frames.
In his very scientific monograph «Modification of Verbal Forms in Modern English» A.I. Dorodnyh analises a lot of works written by outstanding philologists, native and foreign, and gives his own system of English verb, as follows:
1. Category of time: Past Nonpast
worked works
was working is working
2. Category of temporary retrospectiveness:
Perfect Nonperfect
has worked works
had worked worked
will have worked will work
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