Jane. Books-Oh! no. I am sure we never read the same, or not with the same feelings! [4; 97].
e.g.: Mrs. Bennet. I cannot bear to think that they should have all this estate. If it was not for the entail, I should not mind it.
Mr. Bennet. What should not you mind?
Mrs. Bennet. I should not mind anything at all. [4; 135]
e.g.: Lady Catherine. Has your governess left you?
Miss Bennet. We never had any governess.
Lady Catherine. No governess. How was that possible?
Five daughters brought up at home without a governess! I never heard of such a thing. Your mother must have quite a slave to your education. [4; 168].
e.g.: (Colonel Fitzwilliam) «We are speaking of musik, madam,» said he, when to longer able to avoid a reply. Lady Catherine. Of music! Then pray speak aloud. It is all subjects my delight… [4; 176]
Examples from Wilkie Collins. The Women in White.
e.g.: The Count. Gently, Percival-gently! Are you insensible to the virtue of Lady Clyde?
Sir Percival. That for the virtue of Lady Clyde! I believe in nothing about her but her money… [2; 298]
e.g.: Mr. Fairlie…. Inexpressibly relieved, I am sure, to hear that nobody is dead. Anybody ill? «…Anybody ill?» - I repeated (Frederick)… [2; 315]
e.g.: «Where are you going? He (Sir Percival) said to Lady Glade.
«To Marian's room,» she answered.
«It may spare you a disappointment», remarked Sir Percival, «if I tell you at once that you will not find her there.»
«Not find her there!»
«No. She left the house yesterday morning with Fosco and his wife.» [2; 342]
Examples from Charles Dickens. Our Mutual Friend.
e.g. «Are my feathers so very much rumpled? said Eugene, coolly going up to the looking-glass. «They are rather out of sorts. But consider. Such a night for plumage!
«Such a night? repeated Mortimer. «What became of you in the morning?» [5; 167]
e.g.: «Now, Lammle, «said fascination Fledge by, calmly feeling for his whisker, «it won't do. I won't be led into a discussion. I can't manage a discussion. But I can manage to hold my tongue.»
«Can? «Mr. Lammle fell back upon propitiation.» I should think you could! Why, when these fellows of our acquaintance drink, and you drink with them, the more talkative they get, the more silent you get. The more they let out, the more you keep in». [5; 252].
Echo utterances are recapitulatory echo questions, explicatory echo questions and echo exclamations. They repeat as a whole or in part what has been said by another speaker. They may take the form of any utterance or partial utterance in the language. The stylistic purpose is to express irony, sarcasm, incredulity, doubt, astonishment, amazement, confusion, wonder, or merely to fill in a conversational gap.
STYLISTIC POTENTIAL OF THE CONTINUOUS TENSE
1. Expression of anger or irritation with adverbs such «always, every time, continually, constantly, forever»:
e.g. «I am astonished, «said Miss Bingley,» that my fattier should have left so small a collection of books. What a delightful library you have at Pemberley, Mr. Darcy!
«It out to be good, «he replied,» it has been the work of many generations».
«And then you have added so much to it yourself, you are ALWAYS buying books.»
«I cannot comprehend the neglect of a family library in such days as these.» «Neglect!.»
[Jane Austen. Pride and Prejudice. 4; 38].
e.g. «Indeed, «replied Elizabeth,» I am heartily sorry for him; but he has other feelings, which will probably soon drive away his regard for mee. You do not blame me, however, for refusing him?»
«Blame you! Oh, no.»
«But you are ALWAYS blaming me for having spoken so warmly of Wickham?» «No…» [J. Austen, 4; 227].
NOTE: In combination with always, continually, or forever, the progressive loses its semantic component of «temporariness» The speaker seems to suggest that «buying books» or «blaming me» are an irritating or deplorable habits.
e.g.: He is CONTINUALLY complaining about the noise Bill is ALWAYS /CONTINUALLY / FOREVER working late at office.
[R. Quirk, 28; 199, 543].
2. Future arising from present arrangement, plan, programme:
e.g.: «A fine evening, Miss Peecher», said the master.
«A fine evening, Mr. Headstone», said Miss Peecher. «Are you taking walk?»
«Hexam and I are going to take a long walk».
[Ch. Dickens. Our Mutual Friend, 5; 206].
e.g.: He (Sir Percival) stopped, and appeared to notice, for the first time, that we were in our walking costume. «Have you just come in?» he asked, «or were just going out?»
«We are all thinking of going to the lake this morning», said Laura. «But if you have any other arrangement to propose»
«No, no», he answered hastily. «My arrangement can wait…» [W. Collins, 2; 203].
e.g.: «If you think I might risk it, Miss, I'd like to slip round to my dentist.» - Oh! what race is being run this afternoon, then, topping?» [Galsworthy, 29; 145].
e.g.: Brain said to his cousin, «I'm signing on as well in a way, only for life.» I'm getting married».
Both stopped walking. Bert took his arm and stared,
«You're not.»
«I'm. To Pauline. [Sillitoe, 29; 144].
e.g. «I am going forwards, said the stranger, for Frankfort - and shall be back at Strasburg this day month…» -
«Its a long journey, Sir, replied the master of inn-unless a man has great business.»
[Laurence Sterne. Selected Prose and Letters, 21; 171].
e.g. «Right ho! Then brinh me my whangee, my yellowest shoes, and the pod green Homburg. I'm going into the Park to do pastoral dances».
[The Book of English Humor, 16; 85].
3. Imperative modality
e.g. He tried to brush Anthony aside. But Ahthony firmly stood his ground. «I'm sorry,» he said, his teeth together,
«You're not going in there». (Gordon)
NOTE: You are not going is SYNONYMOUS with Don't go! = Don't you go!
[N.M. Rayevska, 29; l45].
e.g. «We're going after buff in the morning», he told her.
«I'm coming», she said.
«No, you're not».
«Oh, yes, I am. Mayn't I, Francis?»
«We'll put on another show for you tomorrow», Francis Macomber said.
«You are not coining», Wilson said.
[Hemingway, 29; 145].
There are a lot of the subtle meaning associated with the progressive aspect. Syntagmatic connotative meanings of the Present Continuous signalled by different context, linguistic or situational, may denote: expression of anger or irritation; future arising from present, arrangement, plan and programme; the imperative modality and other expressive elements. We used literary texts to illustrate how various features of the continuous tense can be used in spoken English.
Transposition of grammatical forms will lead to their synonymic encounter:
- the Past Tense and the Historical Present;
- the Future Tense and the Present Tense;
- verb-forms of the Imperative and the Present Tense, and others.
2.2 The types of transpositions of verbal forms as stylistic means in the category of aspect
1. Iterative aspect
a) USE + TO infinitive: may denote not only repeated action in the past but permanent state in the remote past:
e.g.: «I had a look at Brane yesterday; he's changed a good deal from when I used to know him. I was one of the first to give him briefs».
[Galsworthy, 29; 133]
e.g.: There used to be a cinema here before the war. Life is not so easy here as it used to be.
[Hornby A.S., 45; 153]
e.g. «The workshops have been shut up half-an-hour or more in Adam Bede's timber yoard which used to be Jonathan Bridge's».
[Eliot, 29; 133]
e.g. «There used to be an old apple tree in the garden. Oh, did there?»
[C.E. Eckersley, 3v; 255]
NOTE: «used to V» is used by 39 from 42 of Englishmen.
[A.I. Dorodnykh, 8; 148]
It is important to mark that in this situations in Spoken English used to V is practised with verbs: to be (to exist), to grow, to know, to love, to hate, to work, to belong, to own.
e.g. «I had a look at Brane yesterday; he's changed a good deal from when I used to know him.»
[Galsworthy, 3; 109]
e.g «Michael went up to Fleur in the room she used to have as a little dirl- a single room, so that he had been sleeping elsewhere.»
[Galsworthy. 29; 133]
b) Would + V - infinitive as an action in the past:
e.g. «Catherine, weak-spirifed, irritable, and completely under Lydia's guidance, had been always affronted by their advice; and Lydia, self-willed and bare less, would scarcely give them a hearing. They were ignorant, idle, and vain. While there was an officer in Meryton, they would flirt with him; and while Meryton was within a walk of Long-bourn, they would be going there for ever».
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