Table 6: Employment in Tourism

(Source: Turkish Statistical Institute)

The tourism industry is the second largest employer after construction. It also has direct connection with 38 other sectors. In 2001, the direct employment in tourism accounted for 5.1% and the indirect employment accounted for 12.76% of the total employment (Ministry of Culture and Tourism).

Sustainable Tourism in Turkey

Turkey has been experiencing a surge in tourism activity, and is predicted to be the leading tourism destination in the Mediterranean together with Greece and Croatia by 2020. Tourism is concentrated along the Aegean and Mediterranean coasts - the southwestern Anatolian coast of Turkey - an area identified by WWF as one of the most important for nature in the Mediterranean, and is also the most impacted by mass tourism development which could lead to the irreversible loss of its biodiversity by 2020. To avoid the destruction of its fragile coastline, the Government of Turkey adopted the Integrated Coastal Management approach aimed not only at nature conservation but also at preserving social and cultural integrity.

Since the tourism sector in Turkey was relatively new, there has been the opportunity to preserve natural, cultural, historical and archaeological assets of the country. Most of the prime tourism regions remain unspoiled, in spite of the rapid growth in arrivals. Contrary to some other countries, which suffered from saturation, improper development, a seriously damaged environment and many valuable natural assets as well as existing human settlements, Turkish tourism was prepared to develop in sustainable way. In order to develop sustainable tourism, the Ministry of Tourism determined certain principles (Arac 2001), such as suitable use of natural and cultural resources, continuous restoration and maintenance of the natural and cultural resources and protection of the tourists and hosts against adverse environmental effects (Ministry of Tourism 1994).

One of the first attempts to promote sustainable tourism was already in 1989, when the Ministry of Tourism launched the ATAK project (Southwest Coast Environmental Project). The aim was to provide environmental protection along Aegean and Mediterranean coastlines and to determine the deficiencies in infrastructure system. The main objectives of the project covered a wide range of issues such as planning, designing and construction of water supply and sewerage systems; wastewater treatment and disposal facilities; solid waste disposal facilities; and pollution control studies (Kьce 2001; Arac 2001).

In general, Turkish tourism policies are aiming to extend the economic benefits from tourism to the people, while ensuring that policies in the same time environmentally sound and sustainable. Some of the tasks that The Ministry of Tourism are trying to carry out are elaboration and approval of land use plans in tourism areas and centres, the promotion of the country abroad and the follow-up the intervention of governmental bodies, local administrations, professional associations; and unions and non-governmental organizations (Ministry of Culture and Tourism).

Turkey has gradually put in action a body of legislation concerning tourism in order to regulate the establishment and operation of tourism operators, promote tourism development, protect and preserve certain vulnerable areas, and provide financing for certain projects requiring heavy investment.

The Ministry of Culture and Tourism strategy

Turkey's tourism sector faced rapid growth, especially after 90's, due to mass tourism. This occurs mainly because tourists, which are coming to Turkey, choosing this place because of its geographical location and the 3 S's -sun, sea, and sand. Furthermore, Turkey has the facilities needed to host mass tourism, and also has the “all inclusive” system of the last few years for attracting the tourists, with relatively high service. The latest strategy is to attract a smaller and more elite group of tourists rather than a large crowd that spends less, in case to reorganize mass-tourism into sustainable one. Conferences, boutique hotels, hunting, scuba diving, golfing, yachting and mountain climbing are the most important elements in this latest strategy. If the Ministry's “Turkey's Tourism Strategy 2023” plan can be implemented and diversified, Turkey's dependence on mass tourism will disappear and the sector will be able to contribute to the economy in every season of the year.

As the document describes itself,” tourism strategy of Turkey- 2023 is an effort that aims at providing extensions to management and implementation of strategic planning efforts and boosting the cooperation between public and private sectors of tourism with reference to the principle of “governance”.”

The Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Turkey defines the following problems in today's situation:

Developments towards mass tourism activities and particularistic approaches to tourism planning in Turkey have led to:

· Mass concentration at the Mediterranean and Aegean Coastal areas

· Distorted urban development\ house-building in back-shore and adjacent areas

· Deficient Infrastructure and environmental problems

In an effort to convert this adverse structure into a positive, favourable one, an integrated policy and strategy and application based approaches are being set within the scope of Tourism Strategy of Turkey-2023.

Turkey has set out plans for its tourism industry in the years leading up to 2023, when it will celebrate the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Turkish Republic.

As Turkey's undersecretary of tourism and culture, Ismet Yilmaz, said “the country could attract 50m foreign visitors a year and $50bn (Ј25.2 billion) in revenue by 2023.” However, he stressed that Turkey may have to move away from the current dominant model of tourism to achieve its goals, (Today's Zaman, 03 March 2008 ) “For this to happen, the weight of sun, sea and sand tourism should shrink in the total tourism revenue figures while the share of other types of tourism increases,” Mr Yilmaz said. The minister added that, as well as establishing new resorts to attract wealthier visitors, the Turkish tourism industry would have to increase capacity in accommodation facilities to at least 1.25m beds. Turkey must also have a fleet of 500 planes, Mr Yilmaz predicted, as well as 5m people working in the tourism industry, ten conference centres, 40 marinas and 25 seaports.

The Culture and Tourism Ministry, which has completed its tourism strategy for the centennial of the Republic of Turkey in 2023, will create nine culture and tourism zones and seven tourism development corridors. By 2023, 10 tourism cities, 11 cruise ports, nine marinas and one airport will be part of the first leg of the tourism strategy; the first leg will be completed in 2013.

Turkey, which seeks to increase its bed capacity to 1.5 million, and the number of tourists visiting the country to 40 million in 2013, also plans to attract $50 billion in revenue from tourism activities involving foreign tourists. The goal for domestic tourism is $20 billion. Turkey, which plans to secure $1,000 in revenue per tourist, is set to make one of the biggest jumps in tourism in Europe.

The tourism strategy, implemented in coordination with the Transportation Ministry, State Planning Organization (DPT), Ministry of Public Works and Settlement, and Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, requires a review of all coastlines of Turkey. (01 February 2009, Еrcan Yavuz, ANKARA)

The strategy of the Ministry of Tourism and Culture of Turkey, to develop the new level of tourism is “to exhibit a planning approach that supports economic growth, is physically applicable and socially oriented and fairly reflects the principle of sustainable tourism”

The vision of the Turkey is “with the adoption with sustainable tourism approach tourism and travel industry will be brought to a leading position for leveraging rates of employment and regional development and it will be ensured that Turkey becomes a world brand in tourism and a major destination in the list of the top five countries receiving the highest number of tourist and highest tourism revenues by 2023”

The introduced document provides some suggestions to realize the vision, such as creating tourism products based on tourist profile, to strengthen international cooperation, to help increase the competitiveness of the tourism sector through creation of regional tourism brands rather than relying upon cheaper products, so on.

The document breaks down the individual actions on the following schedule, according to their implementation priority and expected returns on the timeline.

Table 7:Tourism strategy of Turkey-2023 Implementation phase

Source: The Ministry of Tourism and Culture of Turkey

Hypothesis

The second research question is:

Is Turkey becoming a world brand in tourism and has the possibility of becoming the major destination in the list of the top five countries receiving the highest number of tourist?

With its objectives:

+Examination of the world brands in tourism

+Examination of possibilities and opportunities of Turkey to become the major description in the list of the top 5.

Word brands in tourism

The World Tourism Organization reports the following ten countries as the most visited in 2007 by number of international travelers. When compared to 2006, Ukraine entered the top ten list, surpassing Russia, Austria and Mexico. Most of the top visited countries continue to be on the European continent.

Out of a global total of 903 million tourists in 2007, the following countries are the most visited.

Rank Country International tourist arrivals

1 France 81.9 million

2 Spain 59.2 million

3 United States 56 million

4 China 54.7 million

5 Italy 43.7 million

6 United Kingdom 30.7 million

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