ARRANGEMENT FOR STILE Often a portion of the predicate verb can be placed before the complete subject for emphasis, for joining the sentence to the preceding sentence, or for improving the rhythm of the passage in which it occurs.
(Use this device for emphasis only sparingly.)
Emphasis That will never forget. (I will never forget that.)
Sentence rhythm: Suddenly and without warning, the panther leaped suddenly without warning upon the deer).
PRACTICE 2 Rearranging for stile
Rearrange each of the following sentences for increased emphasis or improvement in sentence rhythm.
SIMPLE SENTENCE A simple sentence has one subject and one predicate, either or both of which may be compound.
Compound Subject: Seagoing cutthroats and thieves once hid along the Carolina coast.
Compound predicate: Blackbeard tarred and caulked his boats in Oracoke Inlet.
Compound Subject and Compound Predicate In 1718 Blackbeard and Srese Bonnet blockaded Charleston and captured five ships.
PRACTICE 3 Finding Subject and Verbs
Copy the following sentences, arranging inverted sentences in their natural order. Rearrange also those sentences that have any part of the predicate before the subject. Then draw one line the under the predicate verb. Separate the complete subject from the complete predicate with a vertical line. Place all modifiers of the verb after the vertical line.
Example: During the Twenties was born the luxurious movie place.
The luxurious movie place was born during the Twenties.
MOVIE PALACES OF THE TWENTIES
1. In city after city there arose some of the most lavish building of all time.
2. Can you visualize imitation Assyrian temples, Chinese pagodas, Italian palaces?
3. Really, words cannot do justice to the magnificence of these structures.
4. Highly ornamental and spacious were the colorful interiors.
5. In many theaters moonlit skies, twinkling stars, and drifting clouds soothed the air - conditioned customers and transported them to another world.
6. IN a few of these «atmospheric» paradises, special dawn and sunset effect delighted the moviegoers.
7. Unbelievable was the word for these giant buildings.
8. The Roxy Theater in New York had 6214 seats and room for 110 musicians in the pit of the orchestra.
9. A huge carpet covered the rotunda and required the services of many persons for maintenance.
10. Each evening the ushers had a changing-of-guard ceremony of considerable intricacy and split-second precision.
11. Have these elaborate showpieces survived changing tastes and habits?
12. Unfortunately, most have been demolished and have been replaced with supermarkets, garages, and parking lots.
THE PARTS OF SPEECH
A word becomes a part of speech when its used in a sentence.
NOUN: A noun is a name.
Nouns name:
a. Persons, animals, places, things.
Many Americans have come to know the Hudson River throught the stories of Washington Irving and the canvases of the Hudson River painters.
b. Collection or groups of persons, animals, or things (collective nouns)
The council named a safety committee.
c. Qualities conditions, actions, processes, and ideas (abstract nouns)
The declaration of Independence upheld the right of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
PRONOUN A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.
Because a pronoun substitutes or stands in for a noun, it avoids tiresome repetition of the noun. The word the pronoun refers to is its antecedent.
In his tales Washington Irving peopled the Hudson valley with comic Dutchmen, headless horsemen, and bowling gnomes. (His is used instead of Washington Irving)
These are commonly used pronouns:
Speaker: I, me, mine, we, us, our, ours.
Person spoken to: you, your, yours.
Person or things spoken of: he, him, she, her, hers, it, its, they, them, their, theirs.
Other pronouns: who, whom.
Several pronouns are formed by adding self or selves to other pronouns: myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, itself, himself, herself, themselves,
Some pronouns are formed by joining some, any, every, and no to body, one and thing: somebody, someone, something, anybody, nothing.
All, another, any, both, each, either, few, many, neither, one, other, several, some, this, these, that, those, which, whose, and what are usually pronouns when they stand alone but are modifiers, not pronouns, when they modify nouns.
VERB Verbs make statement about persons, places, or things, ask questions, or give commands.
Statements: Some historians still question Captain John Smith's account of his adventures.
Question: Did Pocahontas actually rescue him?
Command: Read Marshall Fishwick`s article «Was John Smith a Liar?» in American Heritage.
ADJECTIVE An adjective is a word that describes or limits a noun or pronoun.
An adjective usually answers one of these questions: «Which?» «What kind of» «How many?» «How much?» A, an, and the, the most common adjectives, are also called «articles». Mountains are climbing, study book, Boston 2003
By 1700 there were 80,000 settlers in the low-lying areas along the New England coast and in the great central valley of Connecticut and Massachusetts.
The massive oak door opened.
The subject and predicate, placed on a straight line, are separated by a short vertical line. Adjectives are placed on slant lines under the words they modify.
ADVERB An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.
Adverbs not only answer the questions «When?» «Where?» «How?' «Why?» «How much?» and «How often?» but also help to ask questions.
Where and when did Oliver Hazard Perry defeat the British navy?
Many adverbs and some adjectives end in ly.
To the tune of a lively polka the dancers whirled merrily about the hall.
(Lively is an adjective modifying polka. Merrily is an adverb modifying whirled.)
The extremely important meeting was quite poorly attended.
Adverbs are placed on slant lines under the words they modify. The adverb extremely modifies the adjective important. The adverb poorly modifies the verb was attended. The adverb quite modifies the adverb poorly.
If two or more words are used as a single unit, check the dictionary to see if the group is given as a separate entry. If so, diagram the group as though it were one word. Examples of such groups are Bay of Fundy, Siamese cat, and post office.
PREPOSITION A preposition shows the relation of the noun or pronoun following it to some other word in the sentence.
About seventy words may be used as prepositions: about, above, across, after, against, along, among, etc.
The story of Los Angeles begins with a Portuguese sea captain in the employ of Spain.
A preposition may be two or more words.
According to by means of in regard to on account of
Ahead of by way of in spite of out of
Because of in front of instead of up of
OBJECT OF PREPOSITION The noun or pronoun after a preposition is the object of the preposition.
In 1542 Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo sailed up the west coast of Mexico to San Pedro Bay.
PHRASE A phrase is a group of related words not containing a subject and a predicate.
Phrases may be used as nouns, adjectives or adverbs.
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE consists of a preposition and its object, which may or may not have modifiers.
A prepositional phrase is ordinary used like an adjective or an adverb.
One of California's most prosperous missions was built near the present site of Los Angeles.
A preposition is placed on a slant line, and its object is put on a horizontal line joined to the slant line. Nouns and pronouns in the possessive case (see California's) are used like adjectives.
PRACTICE 4 Identifying Parts of speech.
Diagram the following sentences.
OR Copy the following sentences, skipping every other line. Underline the simple subject once and the predicate verb twice. Write adj. over every adjective and adv. Over every adverb. Enclose prepositional phrases in parentheses.
Example: Berea College is located in a beautiful town in central Kentucky.
BEREA COLLEGE
1. Visitors at the college walk along tree-shaded lanes to the various workshops of the college.
2. Many college industries operate successfully.
3. Students work at various activities for ten hours during each weak.
4. The profitable enterprises help with college expenses.
5. A beautiful hotel in town is owned by the college.
6. Student waitresses serve in the cheerful dining room.
7. Other students work busily at administrative jobs in the hotel.
8. A dairy farm is operated by the students.
9. Excellent baked goods are distributed throughout a large area.
10. Clever toys are sold in local shops.
11. Furniture of superior quality is turned out by student craftsmen.
12. Cooperative education has prospered for a century at Berea College.
CONJUNCTION A connects words or groups of words.
Conjunction is from conjugate, a Latin word meaning «to join together»
Conjunctions, unlike prepositions, do not have objects.
A natural ice mine in Pennsylvania forms ice in the spring and summer but never in the winter months.) Mountains are climbing, study book, Boston 2003
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