1.2.2 The structure and meaning of phrasal verbs
A phrasal verb is a combination of a "simple" verb (consisting of one word).
(For example: come, put, go) and a postposition (for example: in, off, up), representing semantic and syntactic uniform unit.
For example: come in - to enter give up - to cease
The phrasal verb can be replaced by a "simple" verb. It characterizes a phrasal verb as semantic unity:
call up - telephone
come by - obtain
put off - postpone
put up with - tolerate. [16]
But this criterion is not common for all phrasal verbs since the equivalent of many phrasal verbs is a word-combination:
break down - stop functioning
make up - apply cosmetics
take off - of a plane - leave the ground. [17]
The next peculiarity is idiomatic. The idiom is a combination of two or more words, whose value does not coincide with the value of its components. Many phrasal verbs have the value which is impossible to deduce from the values of its components.
For example: bring up - educate
give up - stop doing, using, etc.
go off - explode; ring
come by - obtain.
It is difficult to define the meaning of an idiomatic verb.
So for example the verbs fall down and pull off, on the one hand, don't possess any idiomatic value.
fall down - to fall
pull off - to remove, pull down
But these verbs have also the following dictionary values.
fall down - 1) to admire (to someone in power)
2) to fail, unsuccessfully to terminate
pull off - 1) to achieve, despite difficulties
2) to win (a prize, competition)
So, the given property is not the core for phrasal verbs.
Sometimes the value of a verb can be deduced from its components.
Some phrasal verbs have two and more values, one of which idiomatic, others opposite which are easily deduced from their components.
Many linguists consider the ability of phrasal verbs to form the passive voice as one of their basic properties.
For example: Payments are limited to 10 % each month.
This medicine must be measured out exactly.
The next property of a phrasal verb is the possibility to have adverbial postposition before and after a noun used with the given verb. For object the final position bears the big semantic loading, therefore if addition does not bear the new or important information, usually it settles down interposition.
For example: Call him up or call up him (not his sister)
If the object is expressed by several words, it, most likely, will be taking of a final position.
For example: He put on the coat he had bought in London.
If the object is expressed by a pronoun, it always is interposition.
For example: He took his coat and put it on. [15]
1.2.3 Categories of Phrasal verbs
Considering the syntactic indivisible combinations of the verb and a postposition with perspective brought by postpositions in their values I.E. Anichkov distinguishes five categories of such combinations:
1) Combinations in which the postposition has specifically spatial meaning,
For example: go in, come out, take away, bring, back).
2) Combinations in which the postposition is an abstract derived value, whose contact with the primary meaning is felt
For example: let a person down = fail him;
come in = find a place;
bring out = expose;
pull through = recover;
pick up = acquire;
3) A combination in which only the postposition underlines or supports the importance of the verb.
For example: fall down, rise up, turn over, and circle round;
4) A combination of values, which don't arise from the values of verbs and postpositions are not felt as emanating from them, and are semantically decomposable.
For example: come about = happen
fall out = quarrel
give up = abandon
drop off = fall asleep;
take in = deceive;
5) A combination in which the postposition brings lexically specific hue.
The last bit postposition brings nuance:
a) perfective: eat up = eat the hole;
Carry out = execute;
b) terminative means not complete action and termination an unfinished action:
Leave off work;
Give up an attempt;
c) inchoative or inceptive:
strike up a tune, light up = begin smoking;
break out = to start suddenly (of violent events).
g) Durative or longer:
Go on, talk away, struggle along;
d) interactive, or repeated. Such postpositions as again, anew, afresh, sometimes back and over endorsing the verb form a combination with value of the repetition of steps:
Write again, write anew, and write afresh....
But the classification of verb phrase is not absolute.
The boundaries between the discharges are not clearly established, and the verb in one case may apply to the second level, and the other to the fourth. This may be due to the fact that the etymology of the verb in time to reveal all complex and, consequently, its value is not derived from his components. In addition, there are always words that allow different interpretations.
So, this classification should be called conditional. [8] [13]
1.2.4 Classification of Phrasal verbs
Group verb is very diverse as to their compatibility, as well as the added value that they are or who they acquire in the text. They can express the character of the transition from one state to another, inducing action, etc., but in all cases action is always a value, the prisoners in the verb.
Very large and diverse group of phrase verbs express the movement and at the same time describing it. Verbs of this group often express not just the traffic and move from one place to another. Therefore, most of them used to Postpositions indicating direction of movement (into, out, up, to).
For example: stand up - stand up;
go out - go, go;
go into - enter;
jump into - jump, leap;
It should be noted cases where the phrasal verb is termination, or, conversely, the beginning of the movement.
For example: get over - to end, away from anything;
jump down - jumping off, jump off;
run out - run out;
throw off, get off - to start (something);
A very large group consists of group verb, expressing the transition object from one state to another, or his movement.
In fact, verbs of motion objecting to the transition from immobility or beginning of motion, can be attributed to this group or be considered as an intermediate link. Generally, the boundaries between different groups of phrase verbs are very unsteady in lexical terms, so it is not easy determined.
For example: 1) move in = to take possession of a new place to live move towards - to go in the direction of (something or someone)
2) to change one's opinion in the direction of.
move off = to start a journey; leave.
The third group belongs to group verb with semantic component "Lack of change of an object".
For example: stay behind;
to remain at a distance behind something or someone;
keep behind ; stay down = to remain at a lower level ;
remain ahead = to stay in a forward or leading position
The following group of values is dominated by verbal component "image Movement ".
For example: walk away from = to leave (something or someone) on foot;
walk about / around = to walk in a place without direction;
spin along = to move forward easily a quite quickly with a
rolling movement;
frighten away / off = to make (somebody) leave through fear.[5][9] [6]
1.3 The Basic Structure of Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal verbs are verbs that form a combination (a phrase) with postpositions or prepositions and nouns. Such structures are usually idiomatic in meaning, and should be memorized as such.[6]
For studying purposes, phrasal verbs can be divided into basic structures:[6]
1. Preposition and post preposition
2. Verbs with prepositions and noun
3. Verbs with post prepositions
1.3.1 Prepositions and Postpositions
Prepositions and postpositions in English are the same in form but different in function. Some prepositions are not used as postpositions, for example, "at, for, from, into, onto, of, with". Some postpositions are not used as prepositions, for example, "ahead, apart, aside, away, back, and forward". But some of them can function as prepositions or postpositions depending on the structure in which they are used, for example, "about, across, along, around, behind, by, down, in, off, on, out, over, though, under, up", so it's important to understand the difference between them.
A preposition is used with a noun (or its substitute), stands before it, and is not stressed. A preposition is part of a prepositional noun phrase, which means that a preposition always needs a noun. A postposition is used with a verb, stands after it, usually forms an idiom with this verb (it changes the meaning of the verb), and is always stressed. A postposition is part of the predicate, which means that a postposition always needs a verb. Some linguists call postpositions "adverbs", "adverbial particles" or "preposition-adverbs", because they are adverbial in character.
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