We saw him at the moment he was opening the door of his Cadillac.
Вторая группа - аппозитивные предложения с определяемым словом местоимением.
That which did strike us was the inspector's utter ignorance of the details of the case.
Здесь определяемое слово может быть выражено неопределённым или указательным местоимением.
Третья группа, аппозитивные предложения вводного типа, используется в конструкции с вводным местоимением (главным образом с помощью it, иногда с помощью this, that). М. Я. Блох выделяет два вида конструкций: подлежащную и дополнительную. [Блох, 1998:312]. Подлежащный вид является основным. Дополнительный вид всегда может быть заменён подлежащным, но не наоборот:
You may depend on it that the letters won't be left unanswered. It may be depended on that the letters won't be left unanswered.
Аппозитивные предложения вводного типа являются одной из типологических особенностей английского синтаксиса.
ГЛАВА 2. ОПРЕДЕЛИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРИДАТОЧНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ КАК СРЕДСТВО ВОСПОЛНЕНИЯ ТЕМАТИЧЕСКОЙ ЧАСТИ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ, УТОЧНЕНИЯ И ОПИСАНИЯ ОБРАЗОВ В РОМАНЕ О. УАЙЛЬДА “ПОРТРЕТ ДОРИАНА ГРЕЯ”
2.1. Предложения лимитирующего типа. Эти предложения тесно связаны с определяемым словом и не могут быть исключены из предложения, так как они содержат информацию, которая восполняет определяемое слово. Поэтому без придаточного предложения значение главного становится неполным, или вовсе теряется его смысл. Рассмотрим лимитирующие типы предложений на основе того, какой именно член предложения они восполняют:
восполнение подлежащего:
1) Every portrait that is painted with feeling is a portrait of the artist, not of the sitter. (11). Определительная придаточная часть “that is painted with feeling” восполняет подлежащее “еvery portrait”. Если в этом предложении убрать придаточную часть, то значение главного будет непонятным.
2) I know that the work I have done, since I met Dorian Gray, is good work, is the best work of my life. (17)
3) The only thing he considers of any importance is whether one believes it oneself. (16)
4) The one who is pouring out tea for us, or the one in the picture? (37)
5) Every impulse that we strive to strangle broods in the mind, and poisons us. (25)
6) The life that was to make his soul would mar his body. (33)
7) The horrible night that he had passed had left phantoms behind it. (107)
8) The fascination that she had exercised over him would return. (107)
9) The birds that were singing in the dew-drenched garden seemed to be telling the flowers about her. (108)
10) A man who is a master of himself can end a sorrow as easily as he can invent a pleasure. (126)
восполнение именной части составного именного сказуемого:
1) If it were I who was to be always young, and the picture that was to grow old. (34)
2) Margaret Devereux was one of the loveliest creatures I ever saw, Harry. (43) Придаточная часть “I ever saw” восполняет “one of the loveliest creatures”. Здесь нет союзной связки, лимитирующие предложения - единственный тип определительных предожений, которые могут присоединяться как союзным способом, так и бессоюзным.
3) It is the hour when we sleep there. (53)
4) The experimental method was the only method by which one could arrive at any scientific analysis of the passions. (71)
5) Your voice and the voice of Sibyl Vane are the things that I shall never forget. (62)
6) They are simply cheques that men draw on a bank. (117)
7) It is only shallow people who require years to get rid of an emotion. (126)
8) Was it not Gautier who used to write about la consolation des arts? (128)
восполнение дополнения:
1) Thanks for giving me the information I wanted. (44) В этом предложении дополнение “the information” восполняется придаточной частью “I wanted”, так как для нас важно за какую именно информацию он благодарит.
2) Can you remember any great error that you commited in your early days? (51)
3) I don't agree with a single word that you have said. (16)
4) The value of an idea has nothing whatsoever to do with the sincerity of the man who expresses it. (16)
5) You will see the girl to whom I am going to give all my life. (96). Придаточная часть “to whom I am going to give all my life” восполняет дополнение “ the girl”. Местоимение-связка позволяет сделать вывод, что это предложение было использовано в официальной речи, так как именно в официальном стиле предлог ставится перед местоимением-связкой (“to whom”) и именно в официальном стиле чаще используется дополнительная форма “ whom”.
6) Then I feel, Harry, that I have given away my whole soul to someone who treats it as if it were a flower to put in his coat. (19)
7) He could not help liking the tall, graceful young man who was standing by him. (28)
8) I want to see the world worship the woman who is mine. (91)
9) It was better to explain to him the new life he was going to lead. (113)
10) She had swallowed some dreadful thing they use at theatres. (115)
восполнение обстоятельства:
We live in an age when men treat art as if it were meant to be a form of autobiography. (18)
I was away with my love in a forest that no man had ever seen. (90)
During the three terrible hours that the play had lasted, he had lived centuries of pain. (106)
He hated him through some curious race-instinct for which he could not account. (79)
They didn't realise that we live in an age when unnecessary things are our only necessities. (109)
A bee buzzed round the blue-dragon bowl that stood before him. (110)
Suddenly his eye fell on the screen that he had placed in front of the portrait. (110)
Men draw cheques on a bank where they have no account. (117)
The passion is ever really shown in the work one creates. (134)
It had been mad of him to have allowed the thing to remain in a room to which any of his friends had access. (136)
Также можно рассмотреть другую классификацию лимитирующих предложений. Они могут быть подразделены на два вида: уточняющий и классифицирущий.
2.1.1. Лимитирующие предложения уточняющего вида:
You have had passions that have made you afraid, thoughts that have filled you with terror. (26)
And now and then the fantastic shadows of birds in flight flitted across the iohg tussoe-silk curtains that were stretched in front of the huge window, producing a kind of momentary Japanese effect. (7)
She could have married anybody she chose. (43)
4) He never means anything that he says. (48). Придаточная часть “ that he says” восполняет и уточняет определяемое слово “anything”. Часто кажется, что связки which и that являются равноправными, однако в данном случае that более предпочтителен, так как определяемым словом является неопределённое местоимение.
5) She was extremely annoyed at the tone he had adopted with her. (77)
6) This young dandy who was making love to her could mean her no good. (79)
7) You are like one of the heroes of those melodramas mother used to be so fond of acting in. (8)
8) I represent to you all the sins you have never had the courage to commit. (94)
9) You will see the girl to whom I am going to give all my life. (96)
10) How different Sibyl Vane must have been from all the women one meets. (119) Придаточная часть “one meets” уточняет определяемое слово. Союзная связка опущена.
2.1.2. Лимитирующие предложения классифицирующего вида:
1) Suddenly there had come someone across his life who seemed to have disclosed to him life's mystery. (29)
2) Like all people who try to exhaust a subject, he exhausted his listeners. (48)
3) A grande passion is the privilege of people who have nothing to do. (60)
4) I have not got one who is a fool. (15)
5) Lord Henry elevated his eyebrows, and looked at him in amazement through the thin blue wreaths of smoke that curled up in such fanciful whorls from his heavy opium-tainted cigarette. (8)
6) You are not listening to a word I am saying, Jim. (79)
7) I might mimic a passion that I don't feel. (100)
8) Would there ever be someone who would fill him with a strange idolatry? (134)
9) I don't agree with a single word that you have said. (16)
2.2. Предложения аппозитивного типа. Определительные придаточные предложения аппозитиного типа раскрывают, уточняют семантическое значение определяемого слова. И в связи с тем, каким именно членом предложения является это определяемое слово, все аппозитивные предложения можно разделить на четыре категории:
а) уточняющие подлежащее:
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