Рефераты. Adjective

Adjective

1

28

Contents

Introduction

Part 1

1.1Adjectives

1.2An attribute and a predicative functions of adjectives

1.3Qualitative and relative.

1.4Category of state

Part 2

2.1Position of Adjectives

2.2Degrees of Comparison

2.3 The structure of the analytical degrees of comparison

Conclusion

Appendix

Bibliography

Introduction

We are going to investigate one of he important parts of speech in modern English. The adjective expresses the categorial semantics of property of a substance. It means that each adjective used in tile text presupposes relation to some noun the property of whose referent it denotes, such as its material, colour, dimensions, position, state, and other characteristics both per-manent and temporary. It follows from this that, unlike nouns, adjectives do not possess a full nominative value. Indeed, words like long, hospitable, fragrant cannot effect any self-dependent nominations; as units of informative sequences they exist only in collocations showing what is long, who is hospitable, what is fragrant.

Adjectives exist in most languages.The most widely recognized adjectives in English are words such as big, old, and tired that actually describe people, places, or things. These words can themselves be modified with adverbs, as in the phrase very big.The articles a, an, and the and possessive nouns, such as Mary's, are classified as adjectives by some grammarians; however, such classification may be specific to one particular language.

The semantically bound character of the adjective is emphasized in English by the use of the prop-substitute one in the absence of the notional head-noun of the phrase. E.g.:

I don't want a yellow balloon, let me have the green one over there.

On the other hand, if the adjective is placed in a nominatively self-dependent position, this leads to its substantivi-zation. E.g.: Outside it was a beautiful day, and the sun tinged the snow with red. Cf.: The sun tinged the snow with the red colour.

Adjectives

Adjectives are distinguished by a specific combinability with nouns, which they modify, if not accompanied by ad-juncts, usually in pre-position, and occasionally in post-position; by a combinability with link-verbs, both functional and notional; by a combinability with modifying adverbs. Adjectives are the third major class of words in English, after nouns

and verbs. Adjectives are words expressing properties of objects (e.g.

large, blue, simple, clever, economic, progressive, productive, etc) and,

hence, qualifying nouns.Adjectives in English do not change for number or case. The only grammatical category they have is the degrees of comparison. They are also characterized by functions in the sentence.

An attribute and a predicative functions of adjectives

In the sentence the adjective performs the functions of an attribute and a predicative. Of the two, the more specific function of the adjective is that of an attribute, since the function of a predicative can be performed by the noun as well. There is, though, a profound difference between the predicative uses of the adjective and the noun which is de-termined by their native categorial features. Namely, the predicative adjective expresses some attributive property of its noun-referent, whereas the predicative noun expresses various substantival characteristics of its referent, such as its identification or classification of different types. This can be shown on examples analysed by definitional and transfor-mational procedures. Cf.:

You talk to people as if they were a group. --> You talk to people as if they formed a group. Quite obviously, he was a friend. --> His behaviour was like that of a friend.

Cf., as against the above:

I will be silent as a grave. --> I will be like a silent grave. Walker felt healthy. --> Walker felt a healthy man. It was sensational. --> That fact was a sensational fact.

When used as predicatives or post-positional attributes, a considerable number of adjectives, in addition to the gen-eral combinability characteristics of the whole class, are distinguished by a complementive combinability with nouns. The complement-expansions of adjectives are effected by means of prepositions. E.g. fond of, jealous of, curious of, suspicious of; angry with, sick with, serious about, certain about, happy about; grateful to, thankful to, etc. Many such adjectival collocations render essentially verbal meanings and some of them have direct or indirect parallels among verbs. Cf.: be fond of--love, like; be envious of -- envy; be angry with -- resent; be mad for, about - covet; be thank-ful to -- thank.

Alongside of other complementive relations expressed with the help of prepositions and corresponding to direct and prep-ositional object-relations of verbs, some of these adjectives may render relations of addressee. Cf.: grateful to, indebted to, partial to, useful for.

To the derivational features of adjectives belong a number of suffixes and prefixes of which the most important are:

-ful (hopeful), -less (flawless),-ish (bluish, -ous (famous), -ive (decorative), -ic (basic); un- (unprecedented), in- (inac-curate), pre- (premature).

Among the adjectival affixes should also be named the prefix a-, constitutive for the stative sub--class which is to be discussed below.

As for the variable (demutative) morphological features, the English adjective, having lost in the course of the history of English all its forms of grammatical agreement with the noun, is distinguished only by the hybrid category of com-parison.

Qualitative and relative.

All the adjectives are traditionally divided into two large subclasses: qualitative and relative.

Relative adjectives express such properties of a substance as are determined by the direct relation of the substance to some other substance.

E.g.: wood -- a wooden hut; mathemat-ics -- mathematical precision; history -- a historical event;

table -- tabular presentation; colour -- coloured postcards;

surgery -- surgical treatment; the Middle Ages -- mediaeval rites.

The nature of this "relationship" in adjectives is best revealed by definitional correlations. Cf.: a wooden hut -- a hut made of wood; a historical event -- an event referring to a certain period of history; surgical treatment -- treat-ment consisting in the implementation of surgery; etc.

Qualitative adjectives, as different from relative ones, denote various qualities of substances which admit of a quantitative estimation, i.e. of establishing their correla-tive quantitative measure. The measure of a quality can be estimated as high or low, adequate or inadequate, sufficient or insufficient, optimal or excessive. Cf.: an awkward situa-tion -- a very awkward situation; a difficult task -- too dif-ficult a task; an enthusiastic reception -- rather an enthu-siastic reception; a hearty welcome -- not a very hearty wel-come; etc.

In this connection, the ability of an adjective to form degrees of comparison is usually taken as a formal sign of its qualitative character, in opposition to a relative adjective which is understood as incapable of forming degrees of com-parison by definition. Cf.: a pretty girl --a prettier girl; a quick look -- a quicker look; a hearty welcome -- the heart-iest of welcomes; a bombastic speech -- the most bombastic speech.

However, in actual speech the described principle of dis-tinction is not at all strictly observed, which is noted in the very grammar treatises putting it forward. Two typical cases of contradiction should be pointed out here.

In the first place, substances can possess such qualities as are incompatible with the idea of degrees of comparison. Accordingly, adjectives denoting these qualities, while be-longing to the qualitative subclass, are in the ordinary use incapable of forming degrees of comparison. Here refer ad-jectives like extinct, immobile, deaf, final, fixed, etc.

In the second place, many adjectives considered under the heading of relative still can form degrees of comparison, thereby, as it were, transforming the denoted relative prop-erty of a substance into such as can be graded quantitative-ly. Cf.: a mediaeval approach--rather a mediaeval ap-proach -- a far more mediaeval approach; of a military de-sign -- of a less military design -- of a more military design;

a grammatical topic ~ a purely grammatical topic -- the most grammatical of the suggested topics.

In order to overcome the demonstrated lack of rigour in the definitions in question, we may introduce an additional linguistic distinction which is more adaptable to the chances of usage. The suggested distinction is based on the evalua-tive function of adjectives. According as they actually give some qualitative evaluation to the substance referent or only point out its corresponding native property, all the adjective functions may be grammatically divided into "evaluative" and "specificative". In particular, one and the same adjec-tive, irrespective of its being basically (i.e. in the sense of the fundamental semantic property of its root constituent) "relative" or "qualitative", can be used either in the evalua-tive function or in the specificative function.

For instance, the adjective good is basically qualitative. On the other hand, when employed as a grading term in teach-ing, i.e. a term forming part of the marking scale together with the grading terms bad, satisfactory, excellent, it acquires the said specificative value; in other words, it becomes a spe-cificative, not an evaluative unit in the grammatical sense

Страницы: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5



2012 © Все права защищены
При использовании материалов активная ссылка на источник обязательна.